Anyone who has decided to build a house, want it to long standing and well served. It is unlikely that someone wants each year to build a new home: lots of time, hassle lot of money too much. Timeless classics wood traditional material for walls of low-rise buildings is a tree. Wood as a material has many important advantages. Wood is fairly easy to stick together, easily connects with nails, screws, etc. She is well handled, and amenable to finish. In terms of the ratio of the density and strength of wood can be compared with metallami.Steny houses must be durable, have good sound insulation qualities to have, perhaps, less weight, to provide a permanent indoor temperature conditions necessary for the building. Its disadvantages are the only sedimentary deformation in the first 1,5-2 years and a low fire. However, now with the two drawbacks can be overcome. To improve the fire resistance using special equipment, which is impregnated wood. This allows us to improve the fire resistance to such an extent that even at high temperatures, the tree will smolder, not burn. Most comfortable for the sanitary-hygienic requirements (including having a low thermal conductivity) are bruschatye and chopped walls of coniferous trees. Conifers is more appropriate than deciduous for the reason that there are more correct form of the trunk and less susceptible to decay. The main parameters that determine the longevity of the tree are: strength, density, resistance to cracking, resistance to decay durability, low knotty, low hardness, high barb ease. The strength of wood is defined wood species, density, moisture content, presence of defects. Humidity is the free and bound. Feature of the free moisture is that it evaporates from the tree very easily. To test this, it suffices to recall that the rain soaked wood dries fairly quickly, within a few hours. Bound moisture, by contrast, evaporates slowly, and in order to dry the wood, without resorting to the aid of special technology, can take a few years. As the number of bound moisture resistance of wood is getting smaller. When moisture enters a limit of hygroscopicity (30%), moisture will cease to exert influence on the strength of wood. In addition, the practical value of the difference between free and bound moisture is that during evaporation the first changes only the severity of the tree, while the second varies the amount of evaporation, ie, shrinkage occurs. Reducing the amount of wood in its drying unequally in different directions. At thickness greater than the length. When drying wood moisture evaporates evenly. First, moisture evaporates from the outer layers, and then from the interior. Is not uniform evaporation of moisture causes the wood that occurs internal tension, stretching it to the surface and compressive inside, resulting in the tree may show cracks. Malousyhayuschie: spruce, fir, cedar, white poplar, pine and others Sredneusyhayuschie: oak, elm, beech, aspen, ash, black poplar, small-leaved lime, etc. Silnousyhayuschie: Norway maple, hornbeam, larch and birch. With the density and moisture content is closely related to its ability to hold a metal mount. The greater the density of wood, the higher the resistance to pulling nails or screws. Humidity makes driving nails into wood. Hardness - is the ability of wood to resist the ingress of solids. According to the degree of hardness tree species can be divided into 3 groups: soft pine, fir, cedar, fir, aspen, basswood, alder, poplar. Solid birch, beech, elm, larch, ash, elm, elm, maple, apple. Very solid Hornbeam, dogwood, boxwood, locust, birch. Wear resistance of wood - is its ability to resist degradation in the process of friction. Here there is a pattern: the greater hardness and density of wood, the less wear. Rot is the result of different life fungi that destroy wood and in most cases make it unfit for work. Knotty - there was a case of branches (knots) alive or dead during growth. Knotty breaks the homogeneity of the structure of wood, reduces its strength, difficulties in processing. Lightness - the property of wood, which is beneficial for construction in conjunction with other qualities. Widespread in Russia have long been used for tree construction. It is perfect for areas with any climate. And today, this traditional material is often used in the construction of the beautiful and warm homes. Its special properties make it possible to achieve a high level of indoor comfort. In recent years, suburban housing market, many new materials and technologies. Nevertheless, the wooden houses remain the most popular among individual developers. In many ways, this popularity is due to the fact that in our country the forest is the cheapest building material. In addition, it is in the tree can be implemented architectural features and art images, dictated by national traditions of Russian architecture. Certainly of great importance of the natural origin, which determines the ecological purity of wooden buildings, good air permeability. Finally, the tree - an excellent thermal insulator. This allows the inside of the house chopped optimal ratio of temperature and humidity. In a wooden house is easy to breathe, it is nice and comfortable in any weather. Our ancestors were very careful attitude to the selection and preparation of wood for the framework. Selected only ripe, healthy wood, rotten wood and wormholes, about the same thickness, with a smooth surface. Lumber harvested usually in winter or early spring, until the wood is asleep, and excess water is left in the ground. " Timber exported from the forest and immediately purified from the bark. It is known that svezherublennaya wood in winter is 30% humidity. But suitable for the manufacture of log-dried wood (18-20 percent moisture). To obtain such a timber, it was kept under cover. The logs are stacked in piles on the pad to provide through-ventilation. Bark, sawdust and other waste and burned to protect harvested logs from beetle-drevoeda. Today, the forest harvest roughly the same way by all the rules of traditional wooden construction. For the production of chopped wood houses typically use materials conifers: pine, fir, larch, cedar and fir. Softwood lumber is superior to strength the most common hardwood and less susceptible to decay. Trunks of conifers are more correct form, which allows fuller use of their volume. Pine differs most stem straightness, the minimum number of knots and good technical properties. With a high resistance to decay nevertheless has a tendency to "blue" (high humidity, especially in July and August). Blue of the per se does not alter the physical and mechanical properties of wood, but spoils the appearance. Pine is the most common material for construction of wooden houses, as we have, and in Europe. Spruce rarely used in construction. In the dry fir wood strength almost as pine. Spruce is more susceptible to decay, but significantly less than the blue. It is worse than other tree species resistant to moisture, so it is preferable to use for interior decoration. Spruce has a slightly looser structure, but due to this somewhat warmer than the pine. Although its consumer properties somewhat less suitable for the manufacture of chopped walls due to lower density and lower tar content, however, spruce forest can be recommended for the manufacture of load-bearing floor elements (beams, slightly). On the world market spruce pine is listed above. For conifers spruce ephemeral - rarely grows more than 200 years. Larch is stronger, denser and more resistant to decay than pine, but difficult to handle and easily cracked. It is ideally suited as a wall material, is used as material for structures (beams, valley, rafters, torque, etc.). Larch is more resistant to moisture, highly valued, is 2-3 times more expensive than pine. Larch - a single tree, not rotting in the sea. Log is used for the manufacture of wood with a diameter of 26 cm to 40 cm, and sometimes higher. The choice of log diameter depends on the willingness and financial capability of the customer, the climatic conditions and seasonality of operating at home and on the requirements for the external aesthetics of log houses. In addition to the thickness of the timber, an important indicator of the aesthetic to the use of timber is its knotty. In pine at the bottom of the barrel almost no knots, so the most expensive, but better quality, is the so-called butt saw cut - the bottom 6-8 m of the barrel. In Russia, the most common is the round log profile, the so-called round wood, in addition, you can use the round timber with Protestants, that is protesannoe on one edge to the inside of the timber. However, keep in mind that this is a very time-consuming work, leading to higher prices for value framework. In Scandinavia, are widely used logs hewn on two edge. Walls are actually straight both outside and inside, but it does not lose the aesthetics manual cabin home. The first operation to prepare logs for log home construction - its bark and redoubt. Cleaning the logs of bark, usually performed without the use of mechanized tools. Redoubt, by contrast, is done with electric planers. Currently, new technologies of debarking logs without damaging the sapwood and without further redoubt. Sapwood - the upper, most dense layer of wood, which is protective. Preservation of this layer reduces the formation of cracks and other defects to avoid the wood. Most often, when a bark on the log are small areas of bast with minor injuries wood. After drying the inner bark darkens, and the beam becomes characteristic not planed logs spotted coloring. Some customers refuse redoubt logs for this characteristic of color and to avoid damage to the fibrous structure of the tree. However, remember that the bass is most subject to decay, so in most cases the log ostrugivayut. To protect the wood from rotting the entire surface of the logs processed by a thin layer of antiseptic. And the ends of logs, a cup, a groove, cuts, cutting grooves and places proteski soaked most carefully, as there are broken fibrous structure of wood. Using antiseptic logs can be given color shade customer's choice. Impregnation of wood is well known that in addition to wood-organisms, the wood may be exposed to the ravages of fire, are somewhat more intense destructive factor. In this regard, the task of fire protection of wood is not in doubt. To improve the fire resistance of wood is widely practiced by its handling of special flame retardants - flame retardants. In this case, the fire protection of wood materials is achieved by introducing into the timber the required number of chemicals that can interfere with a certain concentration of combustion without ignition source fire protection effect of flame retardants due to a combination of various physical and chemical processes occurring under the influence of fire on wood. It is based both on the melting of fusible substances in their composition (salts, boric acid, salts of phosphoric or silicic acid) and on the expansion of substances that give off gases that do not support combustion (ammonia, sulfur dioxide). In the first case, the timber is formed by heating melting film, limiting the access of oxygen to the surface. The result - some of the heat expended on melting flame retardants, which leads to an increase in the ignition temperature of wood, and, consequently, to protect it. In the second case, the decomposition of salts are allocated non-combustible gases which displace oxygen from the surface of wood, diluted stand out from the surface of combustible gases and thus prevent combustion. All this leads to suppression of ignition of wood and slow the spread of flame over the surface of wooden construction, which is the purpose of fire protection. The main types of remedies the means used for fire protection of wood, can be divided into fire-retardant coatings (paints, varnishes, pastes, coating) and fire-retardant impregnating compositions (impregnation). Fire-retardant coating, usually degrade the properties of fine wood and are used primarily to protect the Not viewed designs. In contrast, coatings, preservatives, as a rule, retain the texture and natural beauty of wood, and therefore find it more universal application. Fire retardant impregnation, like antiseptic, divided into soluble and organorastvorimye. Organorastvorimye drugs require the use of hazardous and flammable solvents. For this reason, they are significantly inferior to the popularity of water-soluble flame retardant, devoid of these shortcomings. Among organorastvorimyh flame retardants widely known compound having in its structure the phosphorus atoms and halogens. Of water-soluble flame retardants are most known, for example, impregnation comprising salt of phosphoric acid (diammonium phosphate, monoammony phosphate, etc.). Such funds now more than 100 years are used as flame retardants in its pure form and in a mixture of other salts. Diammonium phosphate are usually used in mixtures with ammonium sulfate. When heated, the mixture of combustible gas released ammonia and phosphorus oxides are formed, covering the wood with a protective film. Good flame retardant is also a mixture of sodium phosphate with ammonium sulfate. As the flame retardant can be used a mixture of borax and boric acid. Such a composition does not stain the wood and has excellent penetrating power. Protective equipment, water-based divided in their resistance to leaching of components from wood legkovymyvaemye, washed out trudnovymyvaemye, nevymyvaemye funds. The most widely represented among the fireproof impregnation legkovymyvaemye compositions. Consumer properties of major importance for flame retardants is their fire-resistance rating or ability to resist fire. By retardants include only compositions I and II fire-resistance rating. The most commonly used flame retardants in practice means having group II fire retardant efficiency. For such formulations the mass loss during the firing test should not exceed 25%. Treated wood is these drugs are classified as flame-retardant. To protect the most critical in regard to structural fire safety equipment is used, I have a group of fire-resistance rating. For them, the set weight loss no more than 9%, and wood treated with such compounds, refers to the slow-. Important period of time during which the protective properties of the drug after treatment of wood, as well as the frequency of re-treatment (restoration) in order to maintain the fire retardant properties. Despite the fact that fire-retardant properties of the treated wood may persist for several years, inspection of the wood products should be conducted annually. Among other requirements should be mentioned pronikaemost into the timber, corrosivity, reducing mechanical shearing strength and fracture, odor, staining, harmful effects on humans and several others. The need for their use is determined for each specific application. No matter how strange it sounds, but on the domestic market is mainly present composition of the complex, combining a feature fire-retardant fire retardants, and biozaschitnuyu function of antiseptics (BIOPRO). This situation explains the need for comprehensive protection of wood against fungi, biological factors, and make flame retardant properties. In some cases this is due to the fact that some compounds used as flame retardants, are often also biozaschitnye properties. For drugs of this type, and their recall, the vast majority, it should also take into account biozaschitnye properties. When selecting protective devices integrated action is necessary to pay attention to the fact that some manufacturers intentionally combine antiseptic compounds and flame retardants action, referring to the mutual enhancement of their properties (synergy). This approach is clearly acts on the uninformed consumer, while experts know that the union even seemingly incompatible in solution of compounds does not necessarily give a positive effect, and can lead not only to strengthen but also to reduce the antiseptic action, and retardants for the formation of new products (the effect of antagonism). In addition to flame retardant properties, an important place belongs to the technologies of wood processing and holding fire retardant work. Depending on the destination objects of protection (protects the wood) impregnated with flame retardants can be deep or moderate. It is important to provide the necessary application rate impregnating compositions. Methods of impregnating There are many ways to impregnate the wood. The simplest and most accessible - application by brush, spray or short-term immersion. The disadvantage of these methods is the shallow penetration of a flame retardant, and hence low rates of application of compositions. More complex in terms of technology - soaking, soaking in the hot-cold baths, soaking in an autoclave. This is considerably more sophisticated methods, however, their dignity - deep penetration flame retardant. It is believed that the deeper the soaked wood flame retardant, the more secure it is protected. Therefore, the most effective way of protective means is impregnated under pressure. It is with this method of impregnating solution penetrates most deeply into the wood and works the best. On the other hand, in most cases, fire-retardant treatment of exposed ready-made wooden structures, which are impregnated under pressure is impossible. Here, the most technologically method of spraying or applying a brush with obligatory observance of the norms of consumption. In most cases, surface treatment of wood is recommended for positive air temperature - freezing of water in the wood prevent the imposition of a flame retardant into the wood. Not allowed to produce fire-retardant work at subzero temperatures or precipitation effect. Choosing a fire-retardant impregnation, do not forget that these drugs are subject to mandatory certification. Certification of flame retardants is carried out on indicators of quality of design documentation with regard to safety, properties of products. This work is carried bodies of the Russian Federation Ministry of Public Health in the epidemiological assessment of the enterprise. Moreover, products and production to be evaluated on the parameters of stability of production and quality control by inspectors for certification in certification systems SCFS and GOST-R is noteworthy that the certification system MTBF requires mandatory certification of fire protection. The absence of such a certificate makes it unlawful use of a flame retardant. At issue certificates of conformity a mandatory standard flow means which provides the required fire-resistance group. In some cases, the curious one and the same composition may have different consumption rates for different certification bodies. Typically, the manufacturer often deliberately go to where you can negotiate. Practice shows that successful development of effective and environmentally safe ognebiozaschitnye drugs can only company that has its own microbiological laboratories. The most progressive of them certify their production to the international quality standard. The proposal is currently the domestic market is saturated with a variety of flame retardants from various manufacturers. The reason for such diversity is the difficulty of the problem of fire protection of wood material, and with the possibility of variation in a wide range of substances contained. That's why, when choosing the best flame retardant should take into account a number of features. Fire retardant impregnation should not increase the hygroscopic properties of wood or degrade its mechanical properties must be safe for humans and animals, shall not release harmful substances after application. Typically, flame retardants used to impregnate wooden structures operating in conditions that prevent direct and prolonged exposure to moisture. In this regard, on the market are mostly washed out and legkovymyvaemye funds for water-based. For outdoor use they are used in combination with a subsequent paint layer. The necessary condition is the absence of their negative influence on the adhesion of coatings.
Anyone who has decided to build a house, want it to long standing and well served. It is unlikely that someone wants each year to build a new home: lots of time, hassle lot of money too much. Timeless classics wood traditional material for walls of low-rise buildings is a tree. Wood as a material has many important advantages. Wood is fairly easy to stick together, easily connects with nails, screws, etc. She is well handled, and amenable to finish. In terms of the ratio of the density and strength of wood can be compared with metallami.Steny houses must be durable, have good sound insulation qualities to have, perhaps, less weight, to provide a permanent indoor temperature conditions necessary for the building. Its disadvantages are the only sedimentary deformation in the first 1,5-2 years and a low fire. However, now with the two drawbacks can be overcome. To improve the fire resistance using special equipment, which is impregnated wood. This allows us to improve the fire resistance to such an extent that even at high temperatures, the tree will smolder, not burn. Most comfortable for the sanitary-hygienic requirements (including having a low thermal conductivity) are bruschatye and chopped walls of coniferous trees. Conifers is more appropriate than deciduous for the reason that there are more correct form of the trunk and less susceptible to decay. The main parameters that determine the longevity of the tree are: strength, density, resistance to cracking, resistance to decay durability, low knotty, low hardness, high barb ease. The strength of wood is defined wood species, density, moisture content, presence of defects. Humidity is the free and bound. Feature of the free moisture is that it evaporates from the tree very easily. To test this, it suffices to recall that the rain soaked wood dries fairly quickly, within a few hours. Bound moisture, by contrast, evaporates slowly, and in order to dry the wood, without resorting to the aid of special technology, can take a few years. As the number of bound moisture resistance of wood is getting smaller. When moisture enters a limit of hygroscopicity (30%), moisture will cease to exert influence on the strength of wood. In addition, the practical value of the difference between free and bound moisture is that during evaporation the first changes only the severity of the tree, while the second varies the amount of evaporation, ie, shrinkage occurs. Reducing the amount of wood in its drying unequally in different directions. At thickness greater than the length. When drying wood moisture evaporates evenly. First, moisture evaporates from the outer layers, and then from the interior. Is not uniform evaporation of moisture causes the wood that occurs internal tension, stretching it to the surface and compressive inside, resulting in the tree may show cracks. Malousyhayuschie: spruce, fir, cedar, white poplar, pine and others Sredneusyhayuschie: oak, elm, beech, aspen, ash, black poplar, small-leaved lime, etc. Silnousyhayuschie: Norway maple, hornbeam, larch and birch. With the density and moisture content is closely related to its ability to hold a metal mount. The greater the density of wood, the higher the resistance to pulling nails or screws. Humidity makes driving nails into wood. Hardness - is the ability of wood to resist the ingress of solids. According to the degree of hardness tree species can be divided into 3 groups: soft pine, fir, cedar, fir, aspen, basswood, alder, poplar. Solid birch, beech, elm, larch, ash, elm, elm, maple, apple. Very solid Hornbeam, dogwood, boxwood, locust, birch. Wear resistance of wood - is its ability to resist degradation in the process of friction. Here there is a pattern: the greater hardness and density of wood, the less wear. Rot is the result of different life fungi that destroy wood and in most cases make it unfit for work. Knotty - there was a case of branches (knots) alive or dead during growth. Knotty breaks the homogeneity of the structure of wood, reduces its strength, difficulties in processing. Lightness - the property of wood, which is beneficial for construction in conjunction with other qualities. Widespread in Russia have long been used for tree construction. It is perfect for areas with any climate. And today, this traditional material is often used in the construction of the beautiful and warm homes. Its special properties make it possible to achieve a high level of indoor comfort. In recent years, suburban housing market, many new materials and technologies. Nevertheless, the wooden houses remain the most popular among individual developers. In many ways, this popularity is due to the fact that in our country the forest is the cheapest building material. In addition, it is in the tree can be implemented architectural features and art images, dictated by national traditions of Russian architecture. Certainly of great importance of the natural origin, which determines the ecological purity of wooden buildings, good air permeability. Finally, the tree - an excellent thermal insulator. This allows the inside of the house chopped optimal ratio of temperature and humidity. In a wooden house is easy to breathe, it is nice and comfortable in any weather. Our ancestors were very careful attitude to the selection and preparation of wood for the framework. Selected only ripe, healthy wood, rotten wood and wormholes, about the same thickness, with a smooth surface. Lumber harvested usually in winter or early spring, until the wood is asleep, and excess water is left in the ground. " Timber exported from the forest and immediately purified from the bark. It is known that svezherublennaya wood in winter is 30% humidity. But suitable for the manufacture of log-dried wood (18-20 percent moisture). To obtain such a timber, it was kept under cover. The logs are stacked in piles on the pad to provide through-ventilation. Bark, sawdust and other waste and burned to protect harvested logs from beetle-drevoeda. Today, the forest harvest roughly the same way by all the rules of traditional wooden construction. For the production of chopped wood houses typically use materials conifers: pine, fir, larch, cedar and fir. Softwood lumber is superior to strength the most common hardwood and less susceptible to decay. Trunks of conifers are more correct form, which allows fuller use of their volume. Pine differs most stem straightness, the minimum number of knots and good technical properties. With a high resistance to decay nevertheless has a tendency to "blue" (high humidity, especially in July and August). Blue of the per se does not alter the physical and mechanical properties of wood, but spoils the appearance. Pine is the most common material for construction of wooden houses, as we have, and in Europe. Spruce rarely used in construction. In the dry fir wood strength almost as pine. Spruce is more susceptible to decay, but significantly less than the blue. It is worse than other tree species resistant to moisture, so it is preferable to use for interior decoration. Spruce has a slightly looser structure, but due to this somewhat warmer than the pine. Although its consumer properties somewhat less suitable for the manufacture of chopped walls due to lower density and lower tar content, however, spruce forest can be recommended for the manufacture of load-bearing floor elements (beams, slightly). On the world market spruce pine is listed above. For conifers spruce ephemeral - rarely grows more than 200 years. Larch is stronger, denser and more resistant to decay than pine, but difficult to handle and easily cracked. It is ideally suited as a wall material, is used as material for structures (beams, valley, rafters, torque, etc.). Larch is more resistant to moisture, highly valued, is 2-3 times more expensive than pine. Larch - a single tree, not rotting in the sea. Log is used for the manufacture of wood with a diameter of 26 cm to 40 cm, and sometimes higher. The choice of log diameter depends on the willingness and financial capability of the customer, the climatic conditions and seasonality of operating at home and on the requirements for the external aesthetics of log houses. In addition to the thickness of the timber, an important indicator of the aesthetic to the use of timber is its knotty. In pine at the bottom of the barrel almost no knots, so the most expensive, but better quality, is the so-called butt saw cut - the bottom 6-8 m of the barrel. In Russia, the most common is the round log profile, the so-called round wood, in addition, you can use the round timber with Protestants, that is protesannoe on one edge to the inside of the timber. However, keep in mind that this is a very time-consuming work, leading to higher prices for value framework. In Scandinavia, are widely used logs hewn on two edge. Walls are actually straight both outside and inside, but it does not lose the aesthetics manual cabin home. The first operation to prepare logs for log home construction - its bark and redoubt. Cleaning the logs of bark, usually performed without the use of mechanized tools. Redoubt, by contrast, is done with electric planers. Currently, new technologies of debarking logs without damaging the sapwood and without further redoubt. Sapwood - the upper, most dense layer of wood, which is protective. Preservation of this layer reduces the formation of cracks and other defects to avoid the wood. Most often, when a bark on the log are small areas of bast with minor injuries wood. After drying the inner bark darkens, and the beam becomes characteristic not planed logs spotted coloring. Some customers refuse redoubt logs for this characteristic of color and to avoid damage to the fibrous structure of the tree. However, remember that the bass is most subject to decay, so in most cases the log ostrugivayut. To protect the wood from rotting the entire surface of the logs processed by a thin layer of antiseptic. And the ends of logs, a cup, a groove, cuts, cutting grooves and places proteski soaked most carefully, as there are broken fibrous structure of wood. Using antiseptic logs can be given color shade customer's choice. Impregnation of wood is well known that in addition to wood-organisms, the wood may be exposed to the ravages of fire, are somewhat more intense destructive factor. In this regard, the task of fire protection of wood is not in doubt. To improve the fire resistance of wood is widely practiced by its handling of special flame retardants - flame retardants. In this case, the fire protection of wood materials is achieved by introducing into the timber the required number of chemicals that can interfere with a certain concentration of combustion without ignition source fire protection effect of flame retardants due to a combination of various physical and chemical processes occurring under the influence of fire on wood. It is based both on the melting of fusible substances in their composition (salts, boric acid, salts of phosphoric or silicic acid) and on the expansion of substances that give off gases that do not support combustion (ammonia, sulfur dioxide). In the first case, the timber is formed by heating melting film, limiting the access of oxygen to the surface. The result - some of the heat expended on melting flame retardants, which leads to an increase in the ignition temperature of wood, and, consequently, to protect it. In the second case, the decomposition of salts are allocated non-combustible gases which displace oxygen from the surface of wood, diluted stand out from the surface of combustible gases and thus prevent combustion. All this leads to suppression of ignition of wood and slow the spread of flame over the surface of wooden construction, which is the purpose of fire protection. The main types of remedies the means used for fire protection of wood, can be divided into fire-retardant coatings (paints, varnishes, pastes, coating) and fire-retardant impregnating compositions (impregnation). Fire-retardant coating, usually degrade the properties of fine wood and are used primarily to protect the Not viewed designs. In contrast, coatings, preservatives, as a rule, retain the texture and natural beauty of wood, and therefore find it more universal application. Fire retardant impregnation, like antiseptic, divided into soluble and organorastvorimye. Organorastvorimye drugs require the use of hazardous and flammable solvents. For this reason, they are significantly inferior to the popularity of water-soluble flame retardant, devoid of these shortcomings. Among organorastvorimyh flame retardants widely known compound having in its structure the phosphorus atoms and halogens. Of water-soluble flame retardants are most known, for example, impregnation comprising salt of phosphoric acid (diammonium phosphate, monoammony phosphate, etc.). Such funds now more than 100 years are used as flame retardants in its pure form and in a mixture of other salts. Diammonium phosphate are usually used in mixtures with ammonium sulfate. When heated, the mixture of combustible gas released ammonia and phosphorus oxides are formed, covering the wood with a protective film. Good flame retardant is also a mixture of sodium phosphate with ammonium sulfate. As the flame retardant can be used a mixture of borax and boric acid. Such a composition does not stain the wood and has excellent penetrating power. Protective equipment, water-based divided in their resistance to leaching of components from wood legkovymyvaemye, washed out trudnovymyvaemye, nevymyvaemye funds. The most widely represented among the fireproof impregnation legkovymyvaemye compositions. Consumer properties of major importance for flame retardants is their fire-resistance rating or ability to resist fire. By retardants include only compositions I and II fire-resistance rating. The most commonly used flame retardants in practice means having group II fire retardant efficiency. For such formulations the mass loss during the firing test should not exceed 25%. Treated wood is these drugs are classified as flame-retardant. To protect the most critical in regard to structural fire safety equipment is used, I have a group of fire-resistance rating. For them, the set weight loss no more than 9%, and wood treated with such compounds, refers to the slow-. Important period of time during which the protective properties of the drug after treatment of wood, as well as the frequency of re-treatment (restoration) in order to maintain the fire retardant properties. Despite the fact that fire-retardant properties of the treated wood may persist for several years, inspection of the wood products should be conducted annually. Among other requirements should be mentioned pronikaemost into the timber, corrosivity, reducing mechanical shearing strength and fracture, odor, staining, harmful effects on humans and several others. The need for their use is determined for each specific application. No matter how strange it sounds, but on the domestic market is mainly present composition of the complex, combining a feature fire-retardant fire retardants, and biozaschitnuyu function of antiseptics (BIOPRO). This situation explains the need for comprehensive protection of wood against fungi, biological factors, and make flame retardant properties. In some cases this is due to the fact that some compounds used as flame retardants, are often also biozaschitnye properties. For drugs of this type, and their recall, the vast majority, it should also take into account biozaschitnye properties. When selecting protective devices integrated action is necessary to pay attention to the fact that some manufacturers intentionally combine antiseptic compounds and flame retardants action, referring to the mutual enhancement of their properties (synergy). This approach is clearly acts on the uninformed consumer, while experts know that the union even seemingly incompatible in solution of compounds does not necessarily give a positive effect, and can lead not only to strengthen but also to reduce the antiseptic action, and retardants for the formation of new products (the effect of antagonism). In addition to flame retardant properties, an important place belongs to the technologies of wood processing and holding fire retardant work. Depending on the destination objects of protection (protects the wood) impregnated with flame retardants can be deep or moderate. It is important to provide the necessary application rate impregnating compositions. Methods of impregnating There are many ways to impregnate the wood. The simplest and most accessible - application by brush, spray or short-term immersion. The disadvantage of these methods is the shallow penetration of a flame retardant, and hence low rates of application of compositions. More complex in terms of technology - soaking, soaking in the hot-cold baths, soaking in an autoclave. This is considerably more sophisticated methods, however, their dignity - deep penetration flame retardant. It is believed that the deeper the soaked wood flame retardant, the more secure it is protected. Therefore, the most effective way of protective means is impregnated under pressure. It is with this method of impregnating solution penetrates most deeply into the wood and works the best. On the other hand, in most cases, fire-retardant treatment of exposed ready-made wooden structures, which are impregnated under pressure is impossible. Here, the most technologically method of spraying or applying a brush with obligatory observance of the norms of consumption. In most cases, surface treatment of wood is recommended for positive air temperature - freezing of water in the wood prevent the imposition of a flame retardant into the wood. Not allowed to produce fire-retardant work at subzero temperatures or precipitation effect. Choosing a fire-retardant impregnation, do not forget that these drugs are subject to mandatory certification. Certification of flame retardants is carried out on indicators of quality of design documentation with regard to safety, properties of products. This work is carried bodies of the Russian Federation Ministry of Public Health in the epidemiological assessment of the enterprise. Moreover, products and production to be evaluated on the parameters of stability of production and quality control by inspectors for certification in certification systems SCFS and GOST-R is noteworthy that the certification system MTBF requires mandatory certification of fire protection. The absence of such a certificate makes it unlawful use of a flame retardant. At issue certificates of conformity a mandatory standard flow means which provides the required fire-resistance group. In some cases, the curious one and the same composition may have different consumption rates for different certification bodies. Typically, the manufacturer often deliberately go to where you can negotiate. Practice shows that successful development of effective and environmentally safe ognebiozaschitnye drugs can only company that has its own microbiological laboratories. The most progressive of them certify their production to the international quality standard. The proposal is currently the domestic market is saturated with a variety of flame retardants from various manufacturers. The reason for such diversity is the difficulty of the problem of fire protection of wood material, and with the possibility of variation in a wide range of substances contained. That's why, when choosing the best flame retardant should take into account a number of features. Fire retardant impregnation should not increase the hygroscopic properties of wood or degrade its mechanical properties must be safe for humans and animals, shall not release harmful substances after application. Typically, flame retardants used to impregnate wooden structures operating in conditions that prevent direct and prolonged exposure to moisture. In this regard, on the market are mostly washed out and legkovymyvaemye funds for water-based. For outdoor use they are used in combination with a subsequent paint layer. The necessary condition is the absence of their negative influence on the adhesion of coatings. When selecting fire-resistant impregnation should pay attention to the indicator of hydrogen ion concentration - pH of the medium. For example, there are flame retardants with pH = 1,5, close to the pH of strong acids. The use of such funds is not safe for the consumer and requires careful observance of the special conditions of storage and use. Many flame retardants, have significant corrosion aggressiveness towards how to color and for black metals. In some cases this may limit their use. For example, there are cases where the use of fireproof materials with high pH leads to the destruction or deterioration of the roof made of copper or galvanized metal. Some flame retardants provide control toning wood. This allows you to visually assess the quality and uniformity of application of flame retardant.
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