Oksana Kolganova in articles about home construction and materials for the walls, we again and again return to the subject tree. This is understandable. History and our entire way of life are organically connected with the forest and wood - hence our notions of beauty, generosity, work and freedom. Our home - a reflection of our mentality in everyday life. Residential and living in Russia since ancient times has been developed building wooden houses. Centuries-old traditions and unique wooden architecture used in the construction and to this day. What's good this stuff? Wood, even after technological processing, retains its ecological and aesthetic beauty. Natural wood can translate virtually any construction and architectural practice. Especially that new technologies, many of which now make it possible to eliminate the drawbacks of the tree, stressing its advantages. The face of modern wooden houses varied. The emergence of new technologies is rapidly changing our daily lives and the face of our home, without losing sight of the distant image of the mother, keenly receptive to new influences. But here is what is significant: in all these transformations of the wooden house only gets better, it incorporates only the most acceptable and organic. Softwood is used in the construction of pine, fir, larch, fir, cedar. For the manufacture of load-bearing structures are more suitable for pine and larch, in contrast to spruce and fir are less prone to rotting. In the European construction industry because of its prevalence ranks first pine. Hardwoods in the case are significantly less likely to have been most applicable oak, ash, beech, birch, aspen. The superiority of wood over brick on thermal insulation properties is obvious: the brick wall thickness of 510 mm (two bricks) has almost the same thermal resistance as the wall of timber 100 mm. However, along with the advantages of wood there are drawbacks: anisotropy (its properties are very different along and across the fibers), heart structure, hygroscopicity, and as a consequence, humidity strain putrescibility and combustibility. In order to reduce their negative impact primarily used drying, impregnation of wood preservatives or antipyrine, as well as measures to prevent moisture structures in the operation: the protection from the weather, isolation from the soil and concrete, the device is a good natural ventilation, etc. Tree construction Wooden houses are being built as temporary holiday accommodation as well as for permanent residence. This trend is not unique to Russia, where the wooden architecture has deep historical roots, but also for many other countries. For example, in the U.S. every year to buy 500,000 wooden houses in Japan - 300 000, in Europe - 100 000. In the Nordic countries 90% of all houses - wooden, very different design, and only in one of Finland 4000 houses built annually for permanent housing and not less than 5000 villas. Most residential modular homes built today is made of wood. In contrast to the purely peasant way "he will cut down - he built a" home now manufactured using computer technology, industrial designs or processed almost completely made in the factory. There are different types of prefabricated wooden houses. The first - the house of tsilindrovannogo timber. Sawn logs are sorted and cylinders (ie, fitted to a single diameter). Then - in special drying chambers. This process is necessary to prevent sediment at home, which happens during the construction of the timber so-called 'natural moisture. Past drying materials are more expensive, though not completely eliminate the moisture. To deal with cracks caused by the natural moisture of the tree, it is necessary with the help of heaters. House from wooden beams are constructed on the same principle, with the only difference being that the timber has a rectangular cross-section. This technology allows to some extent, solve the problem of cracks. However, more effective in this sense (and therefore more expensive) is the construction of houses from glued beams. From it you can cut parts of any shape and fine-adjustment elements of a future building. Clay bar does not spoil the wooden house from a bar to quickly erect and harmless, it combines relatively low cost with high performance. The natural beauty of wood and the imagination of the architect can create from this material in a modern comfortable cottages. As a material for the production of laminated veneer lumber is used board softwood. It is handled in the drying chambers under mild conditions to a relative humidity of 8 ± 2%. Dried boards prostrugivayutsya with 4-side to obtain an accurate geometry, sorted, and glued on a powerful hydraulic press. Glued slats (parts of laminated veneer lumber) can be from 2 to 5, which allows you to make timber sufficiently "thick". For bonding between the slats using a special high-water-resistant organic adhesives that do not disrupt the ability of wood to "breathe." But the sheer quality of bonding shall conform to international standard DIN EN 204, class of water-resistant - D4. After the slats are glued into a single and indivisible board, made his four-profiling machines. This is one of the most critical moments of manufacturing laminated veneer lumber. The accuracy of manufacturing gypsum partition connection depends on the quality of laminated veneer lumber, and, ultimately, the quality of future homes. After giving a laminated board profile, it should end in size - with high precision cut into elements of the desired size. But the final stage of manufacture of laminated veneer lumber is "zarezanie" in it on special machines chashkoreznyh girth plates and drilling holes for the pins. The thickness of the timber depends on the number of bonded lamellae and calculated according to the functions of the house, which will be built from it. Summer cottages sufficient width of 10-15 cm for a home that will be used for permanent residence are required wall thickness of more than 20 cm Another trick in the manufacture of laminated veneer lumber is that often when pasting into a single beam direction of wood fibers or, as they are called "annual rings", in lamellae is defined in opposite sides from each other. Due to this, laminated veneer lumber is more durable than usual, but when the humidity does not change its form, that is, its not "lead". Deformation of the structure when the moisture content is reduced to a minimum, full shrinkage does not exceed 1%. Wait rainfall log practically required. Thus, the construction time of wooden homes reduced to a few times. After assembling at home glued laminated wood does not warp, and the walls retain the original appearance. With the exact profile, customize the logs as precisely as possible and close to each other, it will positively affect the safety of heat in the house of the future. Tight seal prevents atmospheric moisture to penetrate between the logs, and hence the decay of laminated veneer lumber is not threatened. Glued laminated timber through the production process has a high rate of fire and fire resistance. Modern production technologies laminated veneer lumber give great scope for design and construction of wooden houses - Increase the size of supporting structures, spans, the window openings. LVL relatively new material appeared on the market - LVL. His appearance is not accidental. Experts say this stuff has some great features that make its use in Russia is very attractive. The term "LVL" (English Laminated Veneer Lumber - layered wood veneer), introduced by U.S. company Wayerhauser, which experts and designed this product. Material has been successfully used in the construction of buildings and structures in Western Europe and North America. Today, world consumption of LVL is approximately 3 million m ? and is growing by an average of 5-10% per year. Due to this and the environmental component. " Studies of the American Association woodworkers proved that, for laying of 100 m ? floor with lag of solid wood must be cut down at least three trees, and the use of LVL only one. LVL - a product based on the glued layers of veneer with a parallel arrangement of fibers. It can be effectively used for the construction of buildings in all climatic conditions. LVL is a homogeneous material with constant physical properties, independent of seasonal or temporary factors. Unlike lumber, it is able to maintain accurate linear dimensions, has minimal performance natural shrinkage, is not deformed and does not warp from moisture. Despite the fact that LVL - until the new material for the Russian market and, like all new, is an ambiguous attitude, interest shown both customers and developers, construction companies. LVL has already found its application in individual buildings in the Leningrad and Moscow regions. Shaped beam for the construction of wooden houses make extensive use of solid timber. It is made in the factory of a log, four otpilivaya edge. But a more modern version - is integral shaped beam. At its manufacturing conventional timber attached to a strictly defined standard form (profile), its surface is planed for the first class of purity, that is, to a level Lining. As the benefits of sliced ??profiled timber should be noted first that the house out of it quickly and easily, as all products are manufactured on machines with high accuracy. Usually, after the draft log konopatka insulation is not required, and the flow heater is minimal. In addition, the beam profile is calculated so that rainwater does not fall between the logs, which protects the wall from the pockets of decay. And of course, the house immediately after the construction is neat and attractive appearance and requires no additional finishing. There are designs that represent a groove and a protrusion in which the sealing tape is laid synthetic sealant. When using more complex systems groove-ledge the use of additional seals are required. Due to the high precision manufacturing and, as a result, a tight combination of elements such articulation is not blown and not freeze, they do not penetrate the moisture. But, speaking of the shaped beam, we must not forget that this volume of material, and dry it before the state when the shrinkage and deformation will be minimal, it is difficult. Failure to comply with treatment technologies it can, as they say the builders, "the story". Comparative table of wood and other building materials Material Density, lb / ft ? Estimated compressive strength, kg / cm ? minimum wall thickness at ambient air temperatures, cm -20 ° C -30 ° C -40 ° C oak, larch, 600-700 20 - 50 14-16 17-20 22-26 pine, spruce 450-600 15-40 12-14 15-17 18-22 10-30 1700-1900 silicate brick 51 64 77 clay polnotely 1600-1800 7,5-30 51 64 77 hollow clay 1100-1400 5-20 38 51 64 Lightweight concrete slag concrete 1000-1400 2,5-10 35-40 45-50 55-65 claydite 900-1300 2,5-10 30-35 40-45 50 - 60 Good to know If we carefully consider the cross-section of tree trunk, we can distinguish the following main parts: core, wood, cambium and bark. Core - a thin tube in the center of the barrel, it has low resistance and easily rots. Wood (part of the trunk of Luba to the core) in a cross-section is a series of concentric (annual) rings around the core. The growth of the tree wall of wood cells adjacent to the core, gradually changing its composition, soaking a conifer resin, while the hardwood - tannins. Movement of juice in this part of the trunk is terminated, the wood becomes harder and less prone to rot. This part of the trunk of a conifer called the kernel, while others - ripe wood. Part of a young wood, which is located closer to the crust (it still has living cells) is called sapwood. It has high humidity, relatively easy to rot, characterized by its low strength and is subject to considerable shrinkage and is prone to warping. Rocks, in which the nucleus is different from the sapwood darker color and lower humidity, refer to the sound (pine, larch, oak, cedar, etc.), I sang-tree species (spruce, fir, beech, lime, etc.), the central part of the trunk is different from the sapwood just less humidity. Do sap trees (birch, maple, alder, aspen, etc.), significant differences between the central and outer parts of the trunk can not be seen.
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