Anna Bondarenko What could be nicer than the feeling of warming sunlight? Only a sense of permanent summer at home! Make it possible at any time, using infrared heating technology. Today's consumers offer a lot of options for heating homes, and the youngest of them - is infrared heating. On what principle it works, and why has become a serious competitor to other heating systems? As the sun began to lay sort out the nature of infrared rays. One of the known infrared emitters is the sun which, at a distance of many millions of miles, warms our earth. Rays of the sun, encountering along the way the surface, are absorbed by it and converted into heat energy. Thus, the propagation of infrared radiation in space is practically no energy losses. The same thing happens in the room: infrared heat, all items are within their actions, and the heat source is everything that surrounds man. In other words, to get a comfortable room temperature, the air is heated it is not necessary. The advantages of infrared heating systems include their cost, which is especially important in connection with the continued growth in electricity prices. Interestingly, if the lower the temperature of the infrared heater a few degrees, the temperature felt by a person remains the same, because the decline will be offset by "radiation" supplement. Thus it is possible to reduce energy consumption and reduce heating costs compared to traditional methods of heating. Decreasing the temperature by just 1 degree gives a 5% saving!
Saturday, October 29, 2011
Save on heating systems
Heating costs are a major item of expenditure for the maintenance of a country house. Dozens of homeowners have to heat the houses autonomously, which are installed boilers of various types of fuels, heat pumps and other modern heating system. Try to understand what these systems are the most effective and economical. Boilers - Heat generators If you decide to install in your second home power generator, or, more simply, the boiler, above all, it must decide on what kind of fuel it will work. To maintain heat and hot water can burn gas, diesel fuel, coal, wood or spend electricity. All of these energy sources vary in features economical use of convenience and, of course, cost. If the house will not let natural gas, the cheapest fuel will be wood and coal, that is, you have to install solid fuel boiler. The disadvantage of this type of heating is a need for regular protopok, to the same temperature in the house periodically uncomfortable: hot after protopki and cool before the next protopkoy. But the main disadvantage - such boilers operate only with the participation of a person, as a solid fuel will have to periodically toss in a furnace. Boiler, operating on natural gas or LPG, efficient and able to work autonomously. Natural gas remains the cheapest fuel, and the unit cost of thermal energy produced by the gas installation is less than, for example, on diesel. Another important advantage - the environmental safety and a small amount of harmful emissions. Gas boiler is usually fully automatic.
Friday, October 28, 2011
Stove for a bath
About how important it is to have a good bath, according to the rules made by the oven - can not speak. However, before we talk about how to do this, we shall understand the peculiarities of the Russian bath. In the present Russian bath directly in the sauna room is not open source of fire, therefore, not burned out oxygen. Wall furnace heats and stones. They splash water buckets, and the resulting hot wet steam acts much faster and more sensitive than the dry sauna. Those who tolerate it well, do not hesitate to put on the sites Russian baths. Pairs in the Russian baths, as already mentioned, obtained by spraying with water heated stones. To heat the stones, they are placed in an oven-stove, which is used both for heating bath and for hot water. Furnace-stove must meet the following requirements: - heat the air in the steam room to a temperature of not less than 450 ° C at the floor and 950 ° C under the ceiling - to educate a couple of stones for irrigation water - do not give off smoke and gas - to be economical. Depending on how you are placing the furnace with indoor and outdoor stove. Selecting the type of heater depends on how you use the bath. Hot stove is preferable if steamed in a single day several people, as it quickly heats up the steam room, but by water and cools quickly. If you open the heater stones laid a bunch of over the firebox. In furnaces with a closed stove, stove for heat transfer, at or slightly above the top row of stones is made of steam door. The combustion of the fuel door is closed, and the smoke does not penetrate into the room.
Oil radiators
Electric oil radiators, oil radiators, or just for today are one of the most common and popular way of additional heating of apartments and offices. Such a device would be enough to fully heat the room up to 25 m2. Devices have the largest area of ??the heating element, which provides good heat transfer into the room. Unfortunately, they're pretty long reach operating temperature, but due to the fact that their body is not heated too much - up to 80-1000 ° C, oil heaters are among the most fireproof heating boiler. The main advantage of oil coolers is that they do not burn no oxygen, no dust, one way or another in the air. Well and that, in contrast to the simplest convectors, they have two or even three levels of power that allows you to adjust their heat output depending on the size of the room. Also, most modern oil coolers fitted with a thermostat, which allows you to maintain the desired temperature up to 10 ° C. This provides not only comfort but also power savings, since the device is switched on only when the temperature drops below a predetermined level. With the timer on and off, which is equipped with most models, you can, leave the radiator switched on when leaving the house even for a day. The oil heater is a device the so-called combined type, ie heat transfer is due to convection inside the oil cooler and the thermal efficiency - due to convection of air in the room and radiation heated surface of the body. It is a hermetically sealed metal container, its shape reminiscent of central heating radiators filled with mineral oil.
Electric radiators
As we know heat is one of the most costly components of engineering a country house. For low-rise, detached buildings, tend to use only self-contained heating system. There are three types of systems: - Traditionally, when a liquid coolant is heated, and then, passing along the pipeline system and radiator gives off heat for room heating - direct electric heating, when heating the room is carried out without coolant, and electrical energy is directly converted into heat - the air heating, when used as a coolant air supply after heating in a heated room for the duct system. Until recently it was considered an expensive electric heating, fire and environmental "harmful". However, progress in the field of heaters and thermostats, improving cable underfloor heating and the creation of infra-red ceiling heaters have radically changed the performance of direct electrical heating. Today it is the most environmentally friendly heating system, which has low capital costs, requires no maintenance. In this case, thanks to modern thermostats save for country houses can be more than 50%. A distinctive feature of a stationary electric heating equipment is the ability to work to maintain the desired temperature for a long time without human observation, retaining all the features for fire and environmental safety. Direct stationary electric heating can be divided into four groups: wall heaters, ceiling longwave infrared heaters, cable and film systems for heating the floor and ceiling, as well as regulating thermostats, and programmable devices.
Infrared electric heaters
Currently, long-wave infrared heaters are one of the latest achievements of science and technology in the field of heating systems directed action. These devices direct electrical heating to date have proven to be the most versatile and economical. They can be used almost everywhere, not only as a stationary main heating system, as well as for local or supplementary heating for any purpose, both household and industrial. In this case, is often achieved substantial savings not only by reducing electricity consumption, but also ease of installation of infrared heaters. In this respect they compare favorably with those of the complex and expensive central heating systems, working on traditional principles. Infrared heaters have appeared on the international market of heating systems and are widely used with the 80-ies. It should be noted that in Russia, an infrared heater in the consumer market relatively recent, but the law enjoys wide popularity. To date, its products on the Russian market heating represent both foreign and domestic manufacturers, and it should be noted that home appliances are not only not inferior to foreign analogs, but often surpass them by adapting to the Russian conditions of operation. The principle of infrared heaters is based on the absorption of thermal radiation from other bodies. In the absorption of thermal infrared any body heats up and begins to give heat to the environment. The most famous analogue infra-red heater is the sun - a powerful source of light and heat.
Stove - heat source and symbol of prosperity
Vitaly Lviv fireplace - this is the most ancient elements of the home. He began to take shape as early as the Neolithic Age as a circle of stones, "frame" for the fire, on which ancient people cooked their own food. Fireplace becomes recently very popular. Nice to ignite fire in bad weather inhabitant of modern comfortable apartment, and even better - in a comfortable "summer house" or rural living. Fireplaces are becoming increasingly popular, not only because it is a fad. They provide an opportunity to make our home cozy and personal, they will decorate it and give you an opportunity not to depend on the whims of nature or of public utilities. Modern fireplaces are not only beautiful but an excellent job of keeping heat in the house and can be useful in solving many other problems. Device Technology fireplace came to Russia from Europe and the fashion to sit by the open fire densely rooted in our soil already in the eighteenth century. In this case, calculation and installation of fireplaces, as a rule, engaged in foreign masters. Our Ivan was a good lay down the famous Russian stove - a nurse, a subtle matter to go there was no need. Therefore, the Russian tradition of "kaminologii" is still somewhat different from overseas and do not always correspond to the preparatory work in a scientifically sound requirements. There are several types of fireplaces: classic, carved fireplaces in the Art Nouveau style limestone fireplaces. Classical fireplaces peculiar bright geometric shapes, rationalistic ordering, monumental simplicity and clear harmony, restrained decor and expensive, high-quality materials carved fireplaces peculiar symmetry, harmony, strict adherence to the proportions, the game of light and shade, decoration anatomical sculptures and reliefs.
Thursday, October 27, 2011
Dymovyvoditel for the roof
Vadim Alexeev stove heating system or fireplace will not work properly unless you provide them with high-quality flue. What is a chimney? At first glance - just a guileless pipe to smoke and gases from the hearth. But if you think the chimney is a complex system, which depend on the work of heating equipment and operation of the roof. Chimneys are usually divided into brick, metal, chamotte (clay), plastic and asbestos cement. Pipe brick by brick the most traditional material for chimney is brick. From his "smoky pipes" did all the construction period. And the master, who managed to raise all the rules of a brick chimney, were always held in high esteem and short supply. Even today, despite the rapid development of the market for construction services, find a professional, able to lay out the chimney of brick, is problematic. Accordingly, the services of a good stove will be expensive (which, incidentally, is compensated by cheap material). Brick chimney is usually placed as part of (continued) The design of the furnace or fireplace. Installation of chimneys of brick made building a house. If it later appears that any changes to the flue pipe dismantle and assemble again in another place. Cross section of the smoke channel is usually a multiple of the size of bricks. The walls of the chimney to spread from solid brick. Sutures are made of minimum thickness and smoothed (rubbing) inside a clay mortar. Chimneys of brick have a number of advantages. In particular, they allow you to build the furnace at any height, so the definition of the type furnace and the connection method to the construction chimney is not necessary.
Stainless steel chimneys
No doubt, in this rather harsh climate is especially important to take care of the heating system. The first thing you choose zealous owners cottages - a boiler equipment with high efficiency. However, often due to lack of information neglected chimney. And it is this part of the heating system plays a huge role and it depends on the efficient operation of the system as a whole. Chimney - it is an air channel through which combustion products are ejected. It may be a common chimney, built of brick, or modern modular metal structure for abstraction of smoke from the various modifications of boilers, fireplaces, furnaces. Most importantly, he performed his functions properly, ie provides traction, has good thermal insulation, was easy to install and use, durable, aesthetically appealing and satisfy fire safety requirements. For the chimney draft is the most important indicator, since it is responsible for the cost of the boiler or furnace. Thirst is a process of exchange of hot smoke, leaving the external environment, and the cold air coming from outside, but the thrust depends on the difference in temperature furnace and the environment. In addition, the traction force can be increased by structural features chimney, ie certain ratio of height and cross section. Another important issue is the formation of condensation on the walls of the pipe. This phenomenon is observed in virtually all types of chimneys and arises again because of the difference in temperature exhaust smoke and the walls of the flue.
Heat, spilled across the floor
There are two main types of underfloor heating: water and electric. They are united by one thing in common - a low-temperature heating (the temperature of the floor surface rarely exceed 30-32 ° C) is a very large area. Usually the whole floor area radiates heat. However, if the room you plan to install furniture or equipment that will not move, then under them warm floor is not done. The design of such floors is as follows. Initially attending clay or concrete base, then - a layer of warmth and waterproofing. Insulation laid on top of concrete screed with heat-generating elements: hot water pipe or electrical heating. Arises immediately the question: "Why so complicate things when you can just hang on the walls of the battery?". The answer - for comfort. The house where the only heating is underfloor heating, air temperature does not exceed 18-20 ° C. In the yard - minus 25 ° C, and a general feeling - total comfort. Throughout the house spreads a soft, pleasant warmth. Explanation can be found on the plot of temperature distribution depending on the height of the room. Everyone knows that under the traditional heating system (radiators and convectors) heated air rises and cools, descends. Therefore, the ceiling is hot on the floor is cool, but at the height of the head temperature is somewhere around 22-24 ° C. A different picture emerges in the room where the heat source - the floor. There is also the warm air rises. But there are significant differences: the battery temperature is high or convectors - +70 ° C, while the temperature gradient is sufficiently large, large, and the air velocity in the resulting convective flow.
Wednesday, October 26, 2011
Wall mounted gas and electric boilers
To warm the room by using the stove or fireplace, electric heaters, the system "warm floor". You can also apply to traditional and proven in practice by individual hydraulic systems, heating systems, which are based on the boiler. Properly designed boiler will provide enough heat even when severe frosts, and in transitional periods of the year can reduce power to an optimal value. Power - the most important characteristic of any boiler required to heat (usually specified in kilowatts), the exact calculation, which can be fulfilled only engineer heating engineer. However, there is tentative, the available non-specialist ratio: 10 m2 for heating a well insulated room with a ceiling height of 3 m required about 1 kW of power. For example, for heating the cottage area of ??250 m2 will need a boiler capacity of 25 kW. Depending on the energy consumption, there are several types of boilers: gas, liquid fuel, solid fuel, electric. In this paper we consider the gas and electric wall hung boilers. Such boilers in heating systems have appeared recently, but have already gained great popularity. Typically, this type of equipment called a "mini-boiler." This term is not used by accident, because in a small package is not only a burner, heat exchanger and a control unit, but, in most models, one or two of the circulation pump, expansion tank, pressure gauge, thermometer, a system that provides safe operation of the boiler, and many others elements without which it can not do work a normal boiler.
Underfloor heating in cold winter
Vitaly Lvov from all types of heating floor heating provides the most beneficial impact on human health. This principle of heating was first used back in the V century BC the construction of Roman baths. But the use of cable heating systems and heating systems is relevant not only for the premises. System "warm floor" known almost as much as there is heating at all. One of the first mentions concerns of warm floors in the ancient Roman term (baths), where the heated air is passed through special channels in the stone floor. There were warm floors of similar design and Turkish baths, and there they were required attribute. Thus, humanity is already more than two thousand years (according to other reports, five) appreciates the remarkable comfort, which are systems like "hot sex". However, until the early twentieth century coolant is extremely hot air, which is under the influence of natural draft passed through the floor, gradually giving its heat to the granite slabs. In the early twentieth century with the advent of pump appeared heated floors with heated water. And finally, from the middle of the century with the advent of relatively cheap and affordable energy system began to spread with the use of heating cables. Particularly, they were widely distributed in the last 10-15 years. Should indicate the zone most of the spread of warm floors. Today it is the Nordic countries - Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, where a large proportion of heating of buildings accounts for the system "warm floor".
Thinking about choosing a heating system?
Vitaly Lviv's hard to imagine a comfortable and cozy home or office without a good heating system. The most popular type of heating is today considered the water heating system. One of the most important and expensive component engineering is heating. With regard to other engineering systems, water supply - artesian well, a submersible pump and storage tank (receiver) with automatic control system - accounts for about 20% of the total cost of engineering systems, and the pipe layout hot and cold water takes about 10% without costs of water treatment due to its low quality, which predominates in aquifers, Moscow Region. The cost of the sewerage system, including the exterior walls, septic tank, which must be periodically emptied, is 20%. The choice of an autonomous heating system is influenced by many factors: the availability of a specific type of fuel economy, full automatic control, the use of other fuels and the cost of purchase and installation of heating system. It is important to know that a good indicator of the heating system is the system's ability to maintain a comfortable temperature in the house when coolant temperature is so low as possible, thus the cost of operation of the heating system is minimized. All heating systems, using the coolant can be divided into: a heating system with natural circulation (gravity system), ie movement of fluid within a closed system is due to the weight difference of the hot coolant delivery pipe (the vertical riser of a large diameter) and cold - after cooling in the devices and return pipe, the heating system with forced circulation is based on the action of the pump, which causes the coolant to move, overcoming resistance tubes.
Tuesday, October 25, 2011
Better heating for the cottage
Intensive construction of country houses and cottages, the use of new advanced materials, increasing comfort being built outside the main cities of the private sector requires constant introduction of new technologies and modern engineering. One of the most important and expensive elements of engineering is heating. On the rational choice of heating system is influenced by many factors: the availability of a particular fuel, environmental, engineering and architectural solutions, the volume of the object under construction, financial opportunities and much more. Not being an expert in the field of heating, it is very difficult to assess all aspects and problems of selection, installation and operation of one or another form of heating, given that the market for equipment and materials for this very wide and varied. In addition, the world's achievements in the field of heating became available for domestic consumers, and information on their comparative features and capabilities are usually absent. Last time around the world has seen a steady shift from centralized heating systems to autonomous, which provide a warm concrete apartment, a group of apartments, a separate building. Among the autonomous heating systems has gained a new quality and widely used direct-patient electric heating (PEO), which converts electric energy into heat without any intermediate heat. In this article we will discuss the economic aspects of using direct electrical heating of a stationary compared to the traditional coolant, part of capital costs.
SNIP 42-01-2002 Gas distribution systems
Russian Federation State Committee for Construction, Housing and Municipal Economy (GOSSTROY RUSSIA) The system of normative documents in construction of the Building Regulations RUSSIAN FEDERATION GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM SNIP 42-01-2002 GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Effective date 07.01.2003 Moscow 2003 UDC 69 +696.2 (083.74) Keywords: gas distribution system, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fuel and domestic gas pipelines, performance, safety PREFACE 1 designed by a team of leading specialists of UGiproNIIgazF, Inc. UMosgazNIIproektF, Inc. UNadezhnostF, Inc. URosgazifikatsiyaF, Inc. UZapsibgazpromF , Inc. UVNIISTF, Gosgortekhnadzor Russia, Russian State Construction Committee and a number of farms in Russia gas distribution company, in coordination UPolimergazF 2 introduced by the Office of standardization, technical regulation and certification of State Construction Committee of Russia 3 adopted and put into effect on July 1, 2003 decision of State Construction Committee of Russia from December 23, 2002 № 163 4 instead of the SNIP 2.04.08-87 * and SNIP 3.05.02-88 * INTRODUCTION The present building codes contain technical specifications required for the design and construction of new and upgraded distribution systems designed to safeguard the natural and liquefied petroleum gas consumers use natural gas as fuel, as well as domestic gas, and establishes requirements for safety and performance. In accordance with SNIP 1.10 main features of these regulations are: the priority of requirements aimed at ensuring reliable and safe operation of gas distribution systems, protection of legally protected rights and interests of consumers of building products by regulating the performance of gas distribution systems, expanding opportunities for application of modern, efficient technologies , new materials and equipment for the construction of new and reconstruction of worn-out gas distribution systems and harmonization with international regulations.
Warm floors. Technology and features
Elena Novikova Warm floors can not only sit and lie down without fear of catching cold. Today, heated floors are perceived by consumers as a completely accessible way of additional heating homes. In addition, warm floors can be used as the main heating system, which has certain advantages over conventional radiator panels. From the history of warm floors must say that the heated floors have long been known to mankind, namely, since the Roman Empire - the stone floors in the Roman baths was heated by hot air, which was fed on special channels. A similar system existed in the Turkish baths. The air was the only coolant system of floor heating to the early twentieth century when the invention of pumps allowed to warm up the floors with water. And finally, with the advent of relatively cheap and affordable electricity in the middle of last century, invented a system of heating cables that have received widespread especially in the last 10-15 years - in Scandinavia, with its mild winters, as well as in countries with warm climates (Spain, France , Latin America). In Russia, some 15 years ago the system "warm floor" was completely unknown. Today, the apartment can not be considered an elite, if it does not have a warm floor in the bathroom or kitchen, and even in all rooms. It is worth noting that in our harsh weather conditions such floor sometimes is simply irreplaceable. And as the primary source of heat until the utilities are taking measures in connection with the unexpected arrival of winter, and as additional heating during the severe frosts.
Monday, October 24, 2011
Sunday, October 23, 2011
Saturday, October 22, 2011
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Friday, October 14, 2011
The outlook on the real estate market in 2008 by experts from companies MAYFAIR Properties
The forecast real estate market situation in 2008 provided Portal VseDoma.ru experts from MAYFAIR Properties. According to our estimates, in 2008 the market of land (we have in mind only the land, located outside the cottage communities) will slow the pace of growth due to the fact that there will come the reorientation of market players - developers will go on less priority areas that show greater profitability, and individuals will turn their attention to the market of cottage settlements, says Irina Corneliusson, director of suburban real estate MAYFAIR Properties. In this regard, the rise in prices of alternative (non-elite areas) will be about 30%, and on the direction of the elite, he is projected at 20-25%. For comparison, in 2007, growth in market prices of land plots averaged 35%. In this case, it should be noted that the exclusive deals will continue to have a different price dynamics, especially only because of its scarcity and high demand. Market cottage communities remains very popular, primarily because for a long time considered as an alternative to buying real estate in Moscow. The market is still characterized pronounced seasonality, but also becoming more balanced. Maybe also be a question of bias in demand for alternative directions (primarily we are talking about the eastern and south-easterly direction), whose prices rise the most. Also very popular is economy class at the prestigious areas, but in a sufficiently large distance from Moscow. Development in 2008, commercial real estate analyzes Uliana Aliyev, director of consulting and analysis company MAYFAIR Properties: Warehouses is still the most unsaturated segment, and in all classes.
Thursday, October 13, 2011
Frame-panel houses
Many people dream of a warm, cozy, beautiful and safe home. However, its construction is usually delayed for many years, and wanting to extend the dubious pleasure, putting fabulous money in an endless process, it is becoming less and less. As the experience of our closest northern neighbors or residents of long-distance, but not hot Canadian housing is not required to have a meter high wall to keep warm and eat tons of diesel fuel for heating. The Finns, for example, have long been chosen perfectly engineered, lined with stone exterior and trimmed lining inside the elite frame-panel houses. Over the half century of intensive construction of Aborigines of the West were able to assess the quality of such buildings and living in them. More than three-quarters of the population of Canada, the United States and Japan have made their choice in favor of such constructions, as in Scandinavia and Germany, they are fundamental. Boom skeleton-timber frame construction around the world contributed to several factors: the minimum cost, ease of assembly, ease of installation of communications, excellent thermal properties, the variety of architectural forms and finishes. Such houses are rapidly heated in them easier to maintain optimal thermal conditions. Even in the bitter cold when disconnecting heating the room temperature drops a few degrees. All the wooden buildings in the greater or lesser extent susceptible to freezing, and frame-panel no. Due to the special structural system, they, unlike the high-rise buildings, heating is mainly the environment, do not exchange heat with the street - they are comfortable in the winter and cool in summer.
Overview of Moscow real estate market on the basis of a half-year 2008
In the past two months, the real estate market in Moscow has slowed down considerably - more than twice the rate of growth declined in the bid prices, slept hype, there is a tendency to increase the volume of supply of apartments. However, the main plot about the future price of Moscow real estate continues. All clear that the current level of cost per square meter in the capital, the bulk of potential buyers of apartments remain cut off from the market. It remains an open question whether enough large number of people willing and able to spend a sum of about one million dollars for the average modern apartment in Moscow? And the answer it can only be counter-questions - and so there is large supply of housing on the Moscow real estate market to the Russian capital did not find the required number of wealthy consumers? Summarize some of the statistical results of a 2008 half-year. So, according to the analytical center www.irn.ru, since the beginning of January 2008 the index of the cost of housing in Moscow grew by 27,1% and reached a level of 5.700-5.800 points. Growth of ruble prices for Moscow apartments at the expense of the dollar is slightly lower. According to the magazine about real estate www.metrinfo.ru, the cost of housing in the national currency has risen since the beginning of the year by 22,6% and the average cost per square meter is now about 135,000 rubles. Real estate in Moscow in June 2008 to May 2008 index value of housing (average level of housing prices) para 5.702. 3.3% The index of price expectations (rate variability.
Commercial real estate market in Moscow
Market sale of commercial real estate in Moscow in April 2008 from the consulting company, Russian Research Group. The main characteristics of the fourth month of 2008 include: a significant excess of most major indicators of March; obvious accumulation of objects in conditions of serious complications from their sale, a record high value of the index as the average duration of exposure of objects on the market, the emergence of a significant number of new facilities, which occurred despite the expectations of weighted average prices for commercial property, the accumulation of market quality and expensive shopping area of ??low objects, located within the Garden Ring, Moscow's commercial real estate: records with a question to the experts RRG, in April, the volume of supply in the market buying and selling real estate in Moscow is much increased. Many indicators have reached record levels of late 2007. In particular, the total value of all the objects on display in April has increased relative to March by 27% to $ 12.6 billion, has grown up and the number of proposed sale of objects: in April it on the market exhibited 1.229: not only is 13% above the March figure but almost a record number of objects on display for one month (more is offered only in October 2007 - 1.245). The physical volume of the proposal in comparison with March, rose by 23% - in April, the total area of ??the exhibited objects amounted to 2.11 million square meters. m. If we consider the period from April 2007 to April 2008, it is worth noting: the number of objects offered for sale has increased by 18%, the growth of their total area amounted to 16% increase in the total cost - 62% increase in average price - 40% .
House of the Future - "passive house»
Anna Mironova term "passive house" appeared in the Russian vocabulary building just a few years ago. In the passive house energy consumption for heating is minimized by the use of internal heat sources, energy saving technologies and high-performance insulating materials. It should be noted that the concept of a building, do not need a powerful heating system, already found in our country is fertile ground. In fact, the low efficiency of existing buildings and the enormous cost of energy for heating is Russia's source of many economic and social problems. The most obvious reason for that - rates for all types of energy are growing much faster than incomes. In this regard, the task of reducing heating costs is becoming increasingly important for Russian landlords and municipal authorities. On the other hand, the concept of passive houses attracted by the fact that it contains a strong component of environmentally safe. Thanks to the wise use of domestic energy sources and environmentally friendly materials passive house bears no risk of environmental and human health. That is the idea of ??"passive house" developed at the intersection of the growth of environmental consciousness and it is a particular desire to reduce maintenance costs. But as far as it is realizable in the domestic context? Principles and approaches for more than 20 years ago, an American researcher David Orr developed the concept of a building that meets the highest standards of environmental friendliness and energy efficiency.
Equity Building: What You Should Know
Anna Moiseeva One possibility is the acquisition of real estate equity Construction. And although the practice of the last few years has shown that shared construction rather dangerous activity in the sector of home purchase to help her come new laws that allow secure themselves with such investments. And to date, share building is one of the most inexpensive ways to build apartments. One of the main documents for the shared construction contract is the equity in the construction and investment property. It is in writing and shall be subject to state registration in the Federal Registration Service of the location of the property, while a contract is concluded only from the date of such registration. The law clearly defines the essential terms (mandatory provisions) of the treaty. These include: 1. Clear definition of the construction Fully prescribed building address as recorded in the investment contract specifies a section housing, apartment number on the site, order reference number and other necessary data. The more precisely you define your apartment, then the easier it is to win it - this is the case of double sale. It should be remembered that the building address does not match the email address which is assigned to the house only after passing the State Acceptance Commission. The most appropriate option for determining the object is a schematic symbol for his plan, which advocates of the agreement. On the floor plan all apartments are denoted by lines, the two planar coordinates.
Wednesday, October 12, 2011
Repair of office
Research psychologists have shown that up to 81% of the working population is not satisfied with their workplace. Inconveniences so depressing personnel that may cause withdrawal of many talented employees. Specialists say that to a person at work is comfortable, cozy, one must not only put the comfortable furniture, but also take into account such details as the color of the walls and floor, the lighting, the room temperature. "Repair of office increase productivity?" - You ask. Yes, and Yes again. Repair office will not only increase productivity, but will make your company successful. "How?" What should I do? " Discussion of these issues, we now do. The first step is to define the style of his office area. The interior should reflect the kind of company. Interior of the premises will tell customers about what you're doing well if you do, whether you like their work, whether embedded in his soul. " Who should do the repair office? You can apply for a construction company for the services of a designer or a specialist design studio. But first it is desirable to consider himself the entire repair of office in detail to make specific requests. The main thing - to create such an office interior, to everyone - employees, customers, and want to return to the office. When drafting the need to clearly think through the layout of the premises. An integral part of the office is receiving. It should be spacious so that visitors could comfortably accommodate.
Wooden House in favor
Natalia Tyannikova According to recent statistics, more than 40% market share of low-rise residential buildings are buildings constructed out of wood. Also in the top three - construction of laminated veneer lumber. Built the house from a tree, you can not only realize the most daring architectural dreams, but also to create an environmentally comfortable habitat. This home was created by nature, so inside the person feels more secure, healthy and happy. Russia and the other course, Russia - a country with ancient traditions of wooden architecture. But for the holiday season and for the permanent wooden houses are built on almost all continents of the globe. For example, Americans annually buy 500,000 such buildings in Japan, erecting more than 300 000 houses per year, while in Europe - 100 000. In the Scandinavian countries, almost 90% of all houses made of wood. Yeah sure, if only in one Finnish wooden houses built annually 4000 for permanent residence and not less than 5000 homes for a country holiday. Stone and wood - who wins? Application of new technologies revolutionized wood in a modern house building. Now the wooden structures are not simply inferior stone or brick, and in many positions and surpass them. Appearance, ecology, ie the ability of wood to "breathe" (to maintain a constant exchange of air in the room and create a favorable microclimate), relatively high speed of erection of structures - these are the main advantages. Wooden houses can be called a strong and durable, and, moreover, and cost-effective, because for them is not required to build a strong foundation.
How to build a cottage
You want to build a cottage. Where to start? Of course, with the choice of the organization that will develop the project. That project, or your building will become a bottomless pit into which all time will ooze money. Because, not calculated the cost of the project, you will not know how much it will cost you your cottage. It often happens: a man trying to save on the drafting of 200-500 dollars, losing thousands due to rework or any unrecorded standards in home construction. Then he has to look for professionals to enter them in the course of the case (and this additional spending), and as a result, it becomes clear that the idea of ??building an independent cottage failed. Second stage - selection of a firm that will build your cottage. Here too there are some nuances. Please make sure that the firm is there a license, certificate of registration. We recommend that you look at the already constructed houses and, if possible, talk to the owner of one of them. Learn what experts will build your cottage, if they have qualifying certificates, as will be arranged their life. If the builders - the foreigners, we must ask whether they have documents for the right to work in Russia, and the firm - a certificate to employ foreign workers. Ask: What is the technology of construction, what materials will be used, how to ensure delivery of materials to an object, whether a firm's structural engineering; deals with whether she agreed; whether or not secured your building site, whether it will be illuminated at night, whether the firm uses composting toilets; How will the garbage collection, as will be arranged under construction access road to the cottage.
Town houses, whether they take root in Russia
Anastasia Skovorodnikov In recent years the sector of low-rise construction in Russia are formed in a separate section of the primary market with its opportunistic characteristics. Low-rise residential projects vary in price sales, the level of comfort and service, but they have much in common. In large cities, most in demand in the section of townhouses of 100 - 150 square meters. m (excluding the garage and technical facilities). Low-rise complexes usually form a loop. The inner courtyard is a green island, together all the fantasy landscape designers, or a playground with developing missiles. In the southern regions of the patio can accommodate a fairly large pool with children's compartment and the general area for sun loungers. Town houses are almost always constitute the settlement, which includes infrastructure, performed in the same architectural style, it may only be necessary shops and cafes, and can be a complex from the fitness centers to kindergarten and Autotechcenter. Can you talk about that individual housing as an alternative to an apartment in a building? To date include two categories of low-rise building: the organized and individual. The first exercise investment and construction companies for sale of constructed houses on the market. Second - on an individual order from the owner of the land. Differences on the applicable construction technologies and approaches to architectural and planning decisions are very important. Organized settlements are being built, as a rule, with all building codes (including - for the heat loss).
Taxes and deductions
Alexey Tyurin me time, and with it the needs of man. Previously, to get (buy) 2, 3 - bedroom apartment was considered a great thing of all life. A little bit flat there - the duty performed. Now the other benchmarks: their own home, spacious apartments with separate rooms for each family member, etc. Becoming the owner of the property, each owner is faced with the processes of assessment. Foresight would initially only planning to purchase real estate, learn how much will cost the tax. Thus you can plan a unit area desired object: it can reduce it, and maybe increase. We repeat that the objects of taxation are houses, apartments, cottages, garages, general building and facilities. The amount of tax derived from the total inventory value of the object and is defined by regulations of local governments. Subject to taxation and land plots located on the lands of a particular municipality. Cadastral value of such a section is determined by the land legislation of the Russian Federation, and the tax rate - bodies of the municipality. It is important that when buying and selling of residential property can be tax deductible (however, he is paid only once in life). Tax Code, Art. 220 In determining the tax base in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 210 of this Code, a taxpayer is entitled to the following property tax deductions: 1. In the sums received by the taxpayer in the tax period from the sale of residential houses, apartments, rooms, including privatized dwellings, villas, garden houses or plots of land and interests in such property owned by the taxpayer less than three years but not exceeding a total of 1,000,000 .
Tuesday, October 11, 2011
Grounding
There is a growing elektrovooruzhennost villager. Pumps, circular saws, compressor sprayers, power tools and other equipment works normally on the four-network 380/220 V. Operation of it outdoors, especially in wet, rainy weather is not safe, requires special conditions and regulations. Observed occasionally dismissive attitude toward the voltage of 220 V - is totally unacceptable. The fact that the magnitude of danger to human life of the current (0,1 A 1) is determined to a considerable degree of resistance to human body contact with the ground. It decreases sharply with increasing humidity. The same effect has and alcohol. Even at 12 V inclement weather and in contact with a large mass of metal can cause death. Thus, in the electrical industry magazine described fatal injuries from contact with the wire with a voltage 10 V! The garden was installed sound burglar alarms, in compliance with all rules of electric safety. On the phenomenon to the wire the higher the voltage was eliminated completely (highly qualified expert committee) and, nevertheless, in wet weather lady garden was killed by touching the wires. There are many cases of fatal injuries in violation of existing simple rules of operation of electrical equipment. The main condition that ensures the safety of people at the right, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, maintenance Electrofacilities - reliable and high quality housing of the electric connection with the neutral wire and earth (ground), as well as the installation of two circuit breakers at the entry to the house (in phase and zero).
Rotating ... apartments
11 floors - 11 apartments - 11 hosts. And they all revolve. Rotated 360 degrees. Although the right, although the left. The only building in the world with revolving flats were put under a key in the middle of December 2004 in the Brazilian city of Curitiba (Curitiba). And some believe that the tower is a revolution in architecture. Had created a wonder of the world for 10 years, the Brazilian construction company Moro Construcoes Civis LTDA. Project leaders - architects Bruno de Franco (Bruno de Franco) and Sergio Silk (Sergio Silka) - say it is "a work of art, a totally new concept of housing." These things called the unique structure of the Suite Vollard (among other things, the names of buildings and a series of etchings by Picasso coincide completely, it's probably no coincidence). Although the tower was opened more than once - this was reported, for example, in 1999 and 2002 - presumably, she was only completed by the end of last year. Sale of apartments began Dec. 16, 2004. It is known that one of the 11 rotating kvartirok area of ??about 300 square meters in an environmentally friendly area Ecoville, 45 minutes from the beach, went for $ 300,000. Miracle flat So, let's round apartment belongs to us. What do we have? Let's start with the fact that all sides we are surrounded by a balcony with windows (PVC frames) from the floor and the ceiling. Glazing (a total of 30 square meters) divided installed every 90 degrees doors into four sectors with different shades of color mirror (double, 3 mm each) of glass: silver, bronze, green and blue.
Score apartment
For most people, the apartment is, in our opinion, the most expensive piece of property. Increasingly, people are aware that the square meters in which they live, have a higher price, which is constantly changing with time. Change the value of even a small one-bedroom apartment only a few percent in absolute terms can mean a considerable amount of money from several thousand to tens of thousands of dollars. It is no wonder that many homeowners to periodically ask themselves: - "What is the apartment where I live? But particularly relevant prices for apartments in Moscow are in the case of the sale, purchase or exchange of housing in the capital. There are many ways to learn the approximate market price of the apartment. But even if we invite some professional appraisers or experienced Realtors, each of them would call their number. But the real selling price of the apartment, most likely not coincide with any of them! That's the way market. At the price of housing in Moscow is influenced by many different factors, up to the mental attitude of seller and buyer at the time of bargaining. Therefore, before the transaction can only define a "corridor", which is likely to cost is flat. And for a more precise definition of this "corridor" is better to collect a number of different assessments and views - the truth will be somewhere in between. Service "Valuation of flats in a mode online» Analytical Center is one way to find out the approximate market value of apartments in Moscow with a single keystroke.
Choosing the best apartments
Taisiya Kurbatova Anyone who bought an apartment, or at least dreamed about it, thumbing through the colorful brochures, interested in the question - is formed as the price of a property? For that we have to give your hard earned money? It would seem that the answer is obvious: in the footage, number of rooms and location of the apartment. We all know that the same "square meters" in different parts of the city can vary in price considerably. But as it turns out, these factors are not sufficient to adequately assess the apartment. Now more and more weight gain options that previously did not attach much importance. The house and everything that you buy a flat circle, we learn not only the square footage, but also neighbors, ecological environment and infrastructure. Total residential real estate professionals to provide at least fifteen factors considered by the buyer in assessing the particular apartment. One of the most important factors - the "social environment" - "safe" area. In addition, the majority of people tends to have neighbors close by social status and position in society. In this regard, is gradually re-evaluation of previously exclusive areas. Thus, experts say that apartments in buildings of the old fund and "Stalin" (mainly building the center of many Russian cities), even with the best repair, can not relate to the elite. In these cases rarely uniform composition of tenants, and it is one of the hallmarks of high-end homes.
How to buy a house in the cottage
Olga Nekrasov you decide not to buy a house in the village or gardening. Small areas of the old house, the existing relationship between the neighbors, well-established, but nobody and no fixed view on the use of public lands, and you are a stranger here. It is better to start from scratch when all new, all relationships are built on the first day, all the neighbors in an equal position with you in the house still smells of fresh wood or a fresh solution, all the glitters. If you like new, you have to buy a house in a newly built cottage. You made this decision, determined the direction of an extreme price, the work itself uploaded or realtor, have looked more than a dozen villages have finally found the desired object. To buy, you must enter into a contract. How? With whom? BEFORE sign an agreement for today's real estate market, there are many ways of selling houses under construction in a cottage village. Not all are equally safe for the purchaser. Maximum (but not 100%) gives the security agreement made with the owner of the land. Suppose company "Daisy" owned land by ownership, in confirmation of which is ready to show you the certificate of state registration of rights and sale agreement, under which it acquired this plot (from the state or private person). Typically, a site owned by "Daisy", a large (several acres) and is intended to build a village. Then you need to make sure that the "Daisy" allowed the construction of this settlement, as there should be a relevant document.
Monday, October 10, 2011
Clearing of the site
The development of the site should begin with a definition of its borders, the clearing of remaining on it trees, shrubs, stumps. Trees cut down unnecessary preferably before construction works. For felling a tree with a trunk as thick as butt more than 30 cm should be invited to loggers. However, you should know that in order to topple a tree in the right direction, you should first pull up or podpilit his part, which it must fall, and then - on the opposite side pull up or sawed. There are several ways to pull up trees: normal (or straight); mustache, minimal, the scythe, two parallel rows. The most simple and secure direct pull up, pull up the depth at which is equal to a quarter of the diameter of the tree in place of pull up and pull up the distance between the planes is equal to the diameter of 0,6-0,8. Doing pull up, cut down a tree. The plane of sawing should generally be perpendicular to the axis of the tree and at a height of the upper edge pull up. We strongly inclined trees make so-called whisker pull up from the slope of the tree, pull up at the same depth must be equal to one third the diameter and the distance between the planes of 0.8-diameter trunk. If the area of ??land or structure does not allow the tree to fall down completely, he chopped in pieces. To do this, climb up a tree, tied at 3-5 m above the planned place of division races and perform rope pull up and trimming, while at the bottom of the tree. Pull up and did not finish trimming, you need to get off the wood pile and cut away part of his rope.
What is the shared construction?
A. Gabbasov Shares in housing construction is widespread in our country. Construction and investment companies raise funds equity holders (investors), and these funds are building a house, then this house become the property interest holders. It is very convenient, because the buyers have the ability to pay for an apartment in installments until completion. In addition, the constantly rising price of real estate is an excellent way to invest free cash flow, because after the completion of the apartment house in it rise in price substantially. It seemed to be simple, clear and mutually beneficial. Today, however, the media shared construction often sanctified in a negative way, due to the fact that thousands of real estate investors were cheated by unscrupulous developers, without receiving their housing. To protect the participatory construction of unscrupulous contractors, the Federal Law № 214-FZ "On Participation in the shared construction of apartment buildings and other real estate" on 30.12.2004. This Act introduced more stringent requirements with respect to the developers, in connection with which most of them are perceived negatively law. Currently, the law is the basic legal act regulating relations in the field of participatory construction. If you intend to purchase a house in a new building through participatory construction, you might want to read the guidelines that can help avoid problems with unscrupulous developers. Conclude a contract of shared construction So, what to consider when entering into a contract of shared construction: First, choose a builder and object construction.
Assessment of land (plots)
As a general rule, when it comes to land valuation, determine a market value of the property rights to land, or lease agreements. How is the assessment of land? In assessing the land is primarily based on its location, the influence of external factors and market conditions. In addition, taking into account the expected value, duration and probability of making a profit from the exploitation of the land with the most efficient use, excluding income from other types of production involved more land for business activities. The market value of the site changes over time, so the valuation of land held by a specific date. When you change the target destination site (permitted uses) its market value also changes. Land valuation is carried out based on the principle of the most efficient use of land. This means that the market value of land is determined on the basis of such use of the site, which is most likely physically possible, reasonably justified, the relevant requirements of current legislation and financially feasible, resulting in a maximum expected value of the cost of land. In this case, perhaps a reasonable division of land into separate parts, different shapes, appearance and character of use. The most efficient use of land may not coincide with its current use. In determining the most efficient use of land should be taken into account: its purpose and permitted use, the predominant mode of land use in the immediate vicinity of the assessed land, expected changes in the market of land, existing land use.
Sunday, October 9, 2011
Project site
What is the project and why is it needed? Is not it easier on the spot to determine where to lay the track, where the broken flower garden, where planting a tree? No, not easier, because the plan allows you to imagine how the plot will look as a result, to discuss details, but if something does not suit - to fix. Finally, it is necessary to correctly calculate the amount and cost of works. It is desirable to builders and landscape designers have agreed with each other location at home on the site. The fact that one and the other must take into account factors such as topography (building a better possibility to drive on a hill), the presence of trees (they need to retain maximum), hydrology section (the foundation does not tolerate flooding), the compass, location relative to roads, neighbors. Design work is always preceded by pre-project analysis of the territory, which includes surveying, soil and insolyatsionny analysis, inventory of existing plantations. It all begins with the departure designer on the site. After bypassing the territory, he discusses with the owner (who probably already planned everything) where it is better to arrange a place for picnics, where - children's playground, where a playground for tennis or ball. Will not remain forgotten and four-legged friends: they too should allocate a corner. Finally, we need to identify work areas for parking for cars, Combining for storing garden tools, compost. So, everything is made, all planned and recorded. Now it was time to move ideas to paper, combine them with information about the site and discuss what happened, but the sketch was released, which is a site plan.
Land and freedom: that we can build on your land?
Olga Chernykh Buying land has traditionally been considered an excellent value for money. But the bare ground is not pleasing to the eye: just want to plant a tree, build a house ... or even a small tobacco plant. But has the right to the land owner to place on his land whatever he wants? Or are there any restrictions on the law? First of all, we need to understand the status of the land. There are plots of land designated for private farming (LPH). And there are those that are specifically allocated for individual housing construction (IZHS). If you are the owner of the land for smallholders, is guaranteed to use its land for agricultural production, in other words - to break it garden-garden. In turn, areas with the status of smallholders are divided into two categories: the land within the boundaries of the settlements (homestead land, land category - "land settlements" in the recent past - the "settlement lands"). And the land below the settlements (field plot). In the first case, you have the right to build on the lot of an apartment house, industrial, residential and other buildings, structures, subject to town planning regulations, building, environmental, sanitary, fire safety rules and regulations. But there is nuance: in a house will not be able to register. Residence permit can be issued only in a house built on the site with the status of private habitation. In case if your site with the status of smallholders live below the settlements, the house or other structure, such as a bath, you build on it by law can not.
How to buy an apartment
Natalia Ryzhova Buying property - a transaction is a serious and expensive. To it must be approached with full responsibility, having carefully studied not only offers, prices and conditions of purchase, but laws. Otherwise, it is likely that some crook would interpret the law in their favor, and you lose the money invested. And in the case of a simple failure of transaction a pleasant enough. What do the terms Learn At the conclusion of real estate transactions is assumed that the buyer pre-pays the seller a certain amount of their seriousness. This amount, and its name may be different, depending on the requirements of the seller. Advance, deposit or advance payment - than they are different and what obliges both parties entered into a deal? Under the Civil Code, there are two forms of pre-payment - deposit and prepayment. Deposit - this is "the amount of money issued by a contracting party in respect of its outstanding contractual payments to another party in the proof of the contract and to ensure its implementation" (Art. 380 CC). Advance payment - advance payment by the customer a sum of money against future payments for goods supplied to him, running for his work and services. " This term is not legal, and economic, but it is governed by the Civil Code, Article 487. But the term "advance payment" in the Civil Code no. How could regulate the relations of the parties in case of failure of the purchase? According to the Civil Code, if the deal did not the fault of the buyer, he, for whatever reasons, refused to buy, no deposit, no advance payment will not be returned to him.
What a bargain: we choose the ground under the cottage
Olga Chernykh Cottage - for the average Russian is a word strongly associated with the summer vacation and the opportunity to feel the real master in their own land. Environmentally friendly - because their - cucumbers, tomatoes straight from the garden, sauna, barbecue or barbecue on manicured lawns ... Cottage remains a cherished dream of an urban dweller, and the purchase of land for construction of summer resort - excellent value for money. Today in the suburban real estate market can be divided into three groups of suburban proposals. First of all, familiar to most Russians, horticultural associations and cooperatives chalet - offers economy class. They are characterized by high building density and small land plots from 6 to 8 hectare. The second option - the modern organized holiday villages located in 40 or more miles from Moscow. In them, besides electricity, is a system of heating and water, sometimes - gas, convenient access and protection. Size available sites out there much more - from 10 to 30 hectare. In a separate group can provide specific offers of secondary suburban real estate market - home to sites in the so-called elite settlements, where in Soviet times, receive give scientists, policymakers, intellectuals (eg, Peredelkino Abramtsevo, Mamontovka, Malakhovka, Valentinovka). Sell ??such problem is rare, so the demand is fairly stable, but prices hold at high levels. If the Post-Perestroika in the troubled times of six hundred square meters chalet is not seen as a luxury, but as a means of survival - the cottage in the literal sense of the helm of many, now the problem is acquired in the expectation that will serve as a resting place for the whole family.
Choosing building materials
Today, the market represented by large assortment of building materials, although they do not chasnoe otvechayut quality standards. Buyers have no idea what health effects may result in the use of substandard materials. At an uncontrolled market for more than half of all construction materials do not meet state standards and may pose a risk to human health. The most common "pitfalls" which customers can expect when choosing materials. When purchasing a parquet flooring and parquet board is rightly recognized as the most environmentally friendly types of flooring. Practicality and comfort of natural wood is not practical to replace. But even the most expensive and environmentally friendly flooring will lose all their positive qualities when choosing the wrong paint. Synthetic paints emit aromatic hydrocarbons, are often the experts found they toluene and xylene, which are used as solvents. These substances can irritate the eyes and cause skin diseases, and with constant exposure cause serious disturbances in the nervous system. Also a health hazard can conceal the glue that is a source of toluene, acetone, which, being toxic substances can cause infertility in women, contribute to miscarriages. The most accessible natural parquet simulator is a laminate. In fact, the laminate can not be considered a substitute for hardwood floors. Its front side may take the form of dozens of species of wood, but the similarities with laminate flooring finish. This coating consists of several layers, based on the composition includes wood chips and paper.
Saturday, October 8, 2011
How to choose a new home?
Before anyone who dared to buy land, facing a new problem: a house design to choose? There are thousands of projects: standard and customized. How not to get confused and just build your own house? Let us arbitrarily divide the characteristics of houses on the operational, economic, ergonomic and psychological. Operational characteristics - a division of projects form for further use in the home. Operating houses are divided into three types: country houses, cottages and houses for permanent residence. Vacation homes - houses, accommodation which is designed for summer time. Their building envelope (walls) are rarely tolerate temperatures below 5 ? C. Basically this frame-panel, less wooden logs (less than 150 mm) at home. Facilities at minimum: a furnace or electric heater, electric open, comfortable on the street and old plumbing. Finish: wall paneling, floorboards, wallpaper. The total area of ??country houses usually fit into the 6 * 6 or 6 * 8. Holiday - home designed for seasonal rates, with the ability to live and in the winter time. Masonry - beam of 150-200 mm, 240 mm beam. Of the engineering equipment in the cottages is usually present AOGV (water heating system), it happens that is used in conjunction with a fireplace. On the site - a septic tank, well or central communications. Decorating a home is usually made of more expensive materials: Larch, new windows, laminate, ceramic, hardwood floor. Feature of these projects is that an unstable living in the house you just have to keep it in the winter temperature of at least 4 ?
Draft verandas
The originality of the appearance of verandas attached windows. Their location largely determines the shape of front porch. The alternation of wide and narrow, high and low windows will help make the front porch of your house original, beautiful. The proportions of the window, its shape, in this case play an important role not only in the design of the general appearance of the house, but also in the organization of internal space verandas. A clear picture window frames, a combination of different thicknesses of horizontal and vertical impost attach the glass screen ease, grace. In this case, the windows do not separate the room from nature, but rather connect them with it: the world as it enters the interior of the house. Exterior porch largely depends on the overall appearance of the house. In one case, apply design options, designed in contemporary style using local stone and concrete (foundation). The walls are covered with lath and covered with dark varnish. Vertical bars, Imposts, painted white paint, serve as a support and at the same time to fasten it blocks the window frames. The lower part is filled with wooden boards, whose surface is painted a dark color (black, dark brown or dark red). Interesting and original facades verandas, which are used in the design of carvings made from wood, plywood. Figure Through, geometric shapes. Performed in the same style number plate at home (iron or wood), as well as the bar with the name of the street can be placed on the wall near the entrance.
Score under construction
Today one of the most important indicators of investment in fixed assets, housing and other programs is the state of the market construction in progress. Investment potential of this market is huge. Construction in progress can be viewed as a failed investment projects, where specific investors are prone to high-risk conditions, unfavorable investment climate could not achieve their goals. To return at least part of the invested funds, many of them are ready to abandon the ongoing projects and to realize the objects of unfinished construction on the open market more adventurous owners. Practice shows that the evaluation of assets under construction at a cost of cost does not reflect the interests of the participants of the market. Therefore, the market construction in progress here has long been in stagnation, and unfinished construction projects can not find an efficient owner. In a rapidly changing market conditions, evaluation of assets under construction - the problem is very urgent and complex, requiring appraisers from the expertise and experience. Evaluation of assets under construction is made for the following purposes: 1. Staging facility under construction on the balance of the organization. 2. Definition of fair market value of the property under construction, which reflects the construction and the market price situation. 3. Decision on further use of the object under construction. Answer to question the continued functioning of an object depends on its degree of maturity and the possibility of changing its operational mission.
Floors with a plastic coating. Materials
PVC linoleum on the tissue subbase produce a monochrome surface like marble or printed design. is produced to the five types - A, B, C, D, E (eg, A - mnogoshtrihovoy duplicated with facial layer of transparent polyvinyl chloride film with printed design, etc.) . Available in rolls that can be pieces of a length not less than 3 m. The length of a roll of 12 m, width 1350-2000 mm, thickness 1.6 and 2 mm. polyvinyl chloride linoleum on heat-insulating subbase produce monophonic or two-layer printed pattern. The top layer is covered with transparent PVC film, the bottom - non-woven, heat-insulating employee subbase. Available in rolls 12 m, a width of 1350-1800 mm, the total thickness of 3.6 mm. It can be applied only where there is no heavy traffic. PVC vinyl with foam subbase and printed design release multi-colored with an embossed and netisnenoy outer surface. It produces two types: A-1, 8 1,8 mm thick for floors in residential and public buildings and LTZ-3, 3 (heat and sound insulation) thickness of 3.3 mm for the floors of residential buildings. in quality to the considered types of linoleum following requirements: the front side should not have sinks, folds, scratches, spots, stripes and splashes of paint and image distortion. linoleum should be evenly colored and do not change the color caused by water, light and air. Rubber layered linoleum (relin) painted on the entire thickness of the front layer. It may be monotonous or the split marble. Relin very elastic material, it consists of an upper layer with a thickness not less than 0,8 mm and one or two layers below.
Installation of heating mats
Make a drawing of your floor with the location of the heating mat on it. Plans to help you during installation, as well as remember mat has been installed, if you want to change something in your room in the future. It is important to choose the size of the mat, suitable for your room, because you can not shorten the mat. Cover the heating mat as is possible floor space, avoiding covering the areas occupied: flush gutters and ladders, pipes, bathrooms, toilets, always standing furniture. Also avoid areas that will be drilled. Do not put heating cables 18 mm closer to each other and never cross it. Minimum bending radius of 18 mm. Electricity consumption is definitely not in W/m2, and controlled by a thermostat to ensure optimal and economical operation of your underfloor heating. The heating mat is made on the basis of two-conductor heating cable, so it makes a connection in only one place. If you want to make a connection cable hidden, you need proshtrobit channel in the wall before you lay out the matrix. The room temperature must be above +5 ° C. If you use a floor sensor, you need to cut a channel for the two cables. The sensor probe should be installed between two cables under the mat. The floor sensor must also be placed in the mounting tube in order to be able to replace it if necessary. Also, after installing the sensor in the phone should make sure to cement or tile adhesive from getting inside the tube. Completely clean the floor with dust and finish primer. Always use a primer that is compatible with the screed.
Friday, October 7, 2011
Finish flooring
Gouging flooring is needed when the parquet nastlan carelessly and individual plates strongly favor or when flooring strongly detest. Planing operates planes and jack-plane with a well-Edged and directed knives. Planed wood in the direction of the fibers. Parquet, rubbed with a wet rag, planed easier, but less pure than the dry. Planing carry on his knees. To lower your knees feel the hardness of the parquet, under which enclose something soft, and for large volumes of the master-parquet wearing specially sewn felt kneepads. Sanding parquet perform in order to clean up the wood surface after planing, since it is often a lot of lint. Tsiklyuyut on wet and dry wood. The wet tsiklevat easier, but after drying on the surface may remain nap. To remove it, it is necessary to re-tsiklevat well-Edged and directed cycle. Sanding of dry wood a lot harder, but surface is cleaner, lint-free cloth. Sharpen and direct cycle in this case there is more. Procedure for sanding next. Sweep floors, remove some contamination, wipe a small portion of the floor with a damp cloth or foam. (Very wet the flooring can not be, since it dries, strips could warp.) Series takes two hands, puts a parquet floor, and with the push of moving it over, remove the chip (Fig. 44). Chipping periodically sweep to the side so it does not interfere with work. Cycle are along the strip in the direction of fibers, and not vice versa, so there was no scoring. Sanding parquet only intact, but do not align depression and sag.
Laying parquet different pattern
Parquet plank squares, straight lines, and deployed, as well as straight lines, carpet (Fig. 43), with and without a frieze frieze. When laying the flooring straight square plates are arranged parallel to the walls of the room. With almost no need cut strips. When laying parquet expanded square plates have a 45 ° angle to the walls of the room. Blog square can be done without waste way, but you have to saw a lot of strips to fill the triangles, which remain in the ground of contiguity parquet flooring to the walls and frieze. A plan laying parquet in the form of squares, first spread a strip of bars and the width of the room. It is advisable to select strap long enough to figure lay on the ground with the least amount of waste. Of course, the wall, you can use strips of other sizes. When properly drafted terms of laying the ends of strips have to saw off only after the laying of one of the short sides of the room. Laying lighthouse series of squares pull cord across the room. On the stretched cord plank plank in mastic or a nail. Lighthouse series plank as evenly as possible. Perform parquet pattern unfolded square starting with a trial installation dry squares on the diagonal of the room. Trims pick such a size that can be put across the room is an integer squares. The first series start plank from the wall at a distance equal to half the diagonal of the square plus a 15-20 mm gap between the wall and flooring. This distance is set aside from the corners of the room. On the opposite long walls are the points to pull the cord.
Flooring of inlaid (mosaic) flooring
This flooring is a square board (or cover), recruited from bars of different lengths and thicknesses, glued on thick paper face. The back of the shield bonded to the substrate with a bituminous mastic. In addition, there are parquet, glued back (back) side on a solid elastic material, which then remains in the design and after laying the parquet. Carpets come in different sizes, so they should be selected in accordance with the size of the room, assuming that the room if possible fit a whole number of squares-carpet. Previously for each building must choose rugs by size, pattern, color and wood species. Good selection is such as integer carpets fit without any additives at one time or another room. Selected carpets recommended again to sort, so that one shade carpets were in the first row, the other - in the second, etc. plank flooring on a hard bottom, mostly on a concrete screed. Screed must be done very precisely, with deviations of no more than 1 mm. Validation is performed fugovannoy rack 2 m Flooring is made on a hardwood floor mastic. The back side of carpet should come into contact with cement and the screed not less than 80% of the area rug. At 100% by Mr. adjacency mat screed to provide the most reliable bonding. On the thickness of mastic also depends on the strength of gluing. Pre-before gluing parquet paste to be mixed thoroughly and check it out thickness (see Fig. 32). Inlaid parquet plank so (Fig. 36). Along two walls pull two cords, perpendicular to each other.
Laying parquet on the mastic
This kind of flooring is made up of individual slats that can be mounted on mastic or nails. In the first case requires strict negvozdimoe base in the second - nailability. Plank flooring in a "Christmas tree" with no freezes and friezes. This flooring is laid on the cold or hot mastic. The base should be of sufficient strength without potholes and cracks. Consider laying flooring in the tree without the frieze on the concrete or cement base or screed. First of all, the base is cleaned of dirt, mortar, dust and other contaminants. Check substrate moisture and air temperature in the room: the air temperature must be below 10 °, relative humidity - below 60% moisture content of cement-sand screed - not more than 6%, intercommunication concrete floors - no more than 4%. Remove any dust and dirt base, check the flatness and levelness tie, if necessary, correct the base, dried and ground. As a reason to stick zvukoteploizolyatsii fibreboard, they are cut out and paste on the hot asphalt mastic and well pripressovyvayut. Can be applied cold bitumen mastic, but it should be waterproof mastic. Fibreboard shall not be continuous and broken edges, the humidity of not more than 12%. First fibreboard dry cut to size. They were then placed on dry ground with gaps between the slabs of 5-6 mm. (This is necessary for expansion boards.) Thereafter plates alternately raised and plank on the hot or cold asphalt mastic. Plate immersed in the paste be careful not to spray it on walls, and well they pripressovyvayut, preferably under prigruzkoy.
How to choose a plinth
Vitaly Lions Thus, plinth - a strap that closes the gap between wall and floor. However, any strap can now be made of different materials and have different operating characteristics. Modern baseboard can be designed as on the traditional recipe - from the wood, and on the modern recipe - made from plastic. Wooden plinth plinth made of solid wood and veneer used to demarcate the parquet and laminate flooring, foundation design is usually made of spruce or pine array, which covered the top veneer of fine wood. In addition, possible to produce all of the array (oak, ash, cherry, etc.). Some models may be fitted under the cable channel. In a wooden plinth has both advantages and disadvantages. Undisputed and most obvious advantage of the wooden plinth is his "noble" origin, and environmental cleanliness. It is also not unimportant advantage is durability and strength of wood products. As for disadvantages, the greatest criticism of wooden plinth was awarded for its high price, which makes it rational to use only expensive flooring such as parquet. Wooden baseboards (drills and massive) are most likely just stick to the smooth, clean and dry wall. Plastic skirting most serious competitor wooden skirting is made of plastic counterpart. , The position of the market of plastic moldings so strong that on this product we will focus in more detail. Plastic moldings made from foamed PVC, and is used for framing laminate, linoleum and carpet flooring. Most plastic skirting the shape and size resemble the wooden baseboards.
Thursday, October 6, 2011
Flooring of the parquet
Parquet floors can be installed on the sleepers, packed into separate columns on the concrete foundation (Fig. 34). And attach the logs have so arranged them parquet planks do not bend. Floors of parquet boards can be held on the first floor, in the so-called basement and nadpolnyh premises, provided that the premises are dry. Lags in this case are laid on concrete or brick columns up to 250 mm, standing on the ground at a distance of 400-500 mm apart. Brick pillars for stability operates in a half or two bricks. Placed first on bars waterproofing of two or three layers of roofing or roofing material on them - antiseptirovannye wood or other pads on the strip - lags thickness of 40-60 and a width of 100-120 mm. Lag can only dock on the posts. The surface of the bars must lie strictly in one plane. The same accuracy is presented and the surface lag. Laghi previously well dried, antiseptic, and again dried. If the soil in the underground a bit damp, it should be well dried, seal the bars at 150 mm from the ground (soil) and be sure to perform a second waterproofing on top of the columns. When moist soil should be taken to secure waterproofing of the underground, as dampness accelerates the decay of wood and defeat her Brownie fungus. Under such floor coverings must be designed ventilation holes to ventilate the underground space. Holes the size of 20x20 or 20x30 cm are placed on opposite sides of the cap. In addition, the floors themselves necessarily leave the vents, lockable metal bars within.
Three-tiered approach to the problem of dirt
Vitaly Lions Owners of public buildings over the years scratching their heads over the search for a universal floor covering, which would not lose its presentation box a few months of operation. However, no matter how persistent was not material, it can not be protected from sand, mud, salt, brought into the room on the soles of visitors. Therefore, the problem of protecting the flooring in the halls and corridors of office buildings it makes sense to take a fresh look, for example, through the cell system gryazezaschity flooring. At any time, in any weather from the street, on the soles of shoes entered the mud or sand. According to a study of the International Association of suppliers of sanitary equipment, one thousand people during the month brings on his shoes in the room about 12 pounds of mud. In this case, in rainy or snowy weather, the same "weight" stored for 2-3 days. If the building is not set security entrance of dirt, then for the first 3-4 meters from the entrance to the premises for 42% damage to the floor. This outdoor cocktail is harmful for both the gender and human health. Sand and other fine particles are a natural abrasive, so they are dangerous to the floor, as destroying all kinds of flooring, and for health, because the dust particles cause allergies, and affect the health of the skin. It was silly to argue that the problems do not matter and dirt, usually from this scourge are struggling with metal grate that fertility is mounted in front of the building, but it is ineffective measure.
Device and repairing hardwood floors. Materials
Parquet (Fig. 31, b) are made of oak, beech, hornbeam, ash, maple, elm, elm (elm), chestnut, acacia, birch, pine and larch humidity of not more than 8%. The thickness of the planks of hard wood 15 mm, made of soft - 18 mm. The front side should be clean and smooth. The thickness of the wear layer - 7 - 10 mm (considered to face up to the ridge). Width of the slats 30 to 90 mm every 5 mm, ie 30, 35, 40 mm, etc., the length of the strips 150-500 mm with an interval of 50 mm (150, 200, 250 mm etc. ). Parquet strips depending on the profile edges are divided into two types: P1 - with ridges and grooves on opposite edges and ends, P2 - from the ridge on one edge and grooves on the other edge and ends. Crest - the protruding part strap that runs along its edge and face. Paz - a seizure, which is inserted into the crest connecting rods together and get a hard cover. Edge wear on the part of the ridge have a bevel of 3 ° for both types of brackets, the other side, with a groove - a straight line without the bevel. Bevel doing to strip during their laying tightly adjoined to one another. Permissible humidity strips parquet 9 ± 3%. Wood quality should be high. On the front side straps are unacceptable cracks, knots, wormholes, flakes, etc. On the reverse side are allowed certain defects, including rough plots of less than 30% of the plate. Keep the floor plank is necessary in dry conditions, but not near heating devices. Parquet panels (Fig. 31) consists of a wooden base and top front cover of the parquet slats of equal width with straight edges milled.
Building a floor
Reason (or black floors) consists of a boardwalk laid on wooden joists. Joists and flooring should be antiseptirovany and dried. Lags can serve the board or thick bars 25-40 and 80-100 mm wide. The distance between them depends on the thickness of the planks used for flooring. Laying lag and boards produce very accurate. If verification fugovannoy rack 2 m in length with the level of the floor there are deviations of more than 1 mm, the flooring must align planing. Snake spread so that the gaps between the boards of the base did not coincide with the mechanical junction of the parquet rows (Fig. 41). Otherwise, the nail being driven in the end groove strips, gets into a crack between the boards, which reduces the strength of the safety flooring. When the parquet on nails subfloor veiled cardboard, paper or glassine. This is done to nastlanny parquet does not creak, and to reduce sound transmission through the beam in the wall. When laying the parquet with a frieze in the center of the room pull cord for lighthouse Christmas tree. The rest of the process of laying parquet flooring similar to the process for mastic. Hardwood plank nail a length of 40 and a thickness of 1,6-1,8 mm. Each bar up to 300 mm hammer three nails: two - in the side slot, and one - in the end. In the bar longer than 300 mm hammer four nails, three of them - in the side slot, and one - in the end. Parquet flooring can lead to one, but better together: a parquet, and the other picks up right and left strips and lay them for 4-6 pieces while moving first.
Wednesday, October 5, 2011
Laying parquet on the nails on the wooden base
Reason (or black floors) consists of a boardwalk laid on wooden joists. Joists and flooring should be antiseptirovany and dried. Lags can serve the board or thick bars 25-40 and 80-100 mm wide. The distance between them depends on the thickness of the planks used for flooring. Laying lag and boards produce very accurate. If verification fugovannoy rack 2 m in length with the level of the floor there are deviations of more than 1 mm, the flooring must align planing. Snake spread so that the gaps between the boards of the base did not coincide with the mechanical junction of the parquet rows (Fig. 41). Otherwise, the nail being driven in the end groove strips, gets into a crack between the boards, which reduces the strength of the safety flooring. When the parquet on nails subfloor veiled cardboard, paper or glassine. This is done to nastlanny parquet does not creak, and to reduce sound transmission through the beam in the wall. When laying the parquet with a frieze in the center of the room pull cord for lighthouse Christmas tree. The rest of the process of laying parquet flooring similar to the process for mastic. Hardwood plank nail a length of 40 and a thickness of 1,6-1,8 mm. Each bar up to 300 mm hammer three nails: two - in the side slot, and one - in the end. In the bar longer than 300 mm hammer four nails, three of them - in the side slot, and one - in the end. Parquet flooring can lead to one, but better together: a parquet, and the other picks up right and left strips and lay them for 4-6 pieces while moving first.
Flooring from hardwood boards
Hardwood plank boards on wooden sleepers antiseptirovannym thickness of 25-40 mm (thickness depends on the type of intercommunication floor). Laghi recommended to lay the premises along parallel rows, strictly on a level with the distance between axles 400 mm. Shield size 800x800 mm should be based on three logs, one of which is under the middle of the shield, and two others - at its edges. Boards with nails attached to a long lag of 60-70 mm. Logs are placed in soundproof backing or pads. Plank boards are somewhat easier than hardwood boards. Laying technique is as follows. First of all, define the place for the Lighthouse series, for which the floor space pull two cords which intersect at right angles. One of them runs along the long side of the room at a distance of 810 mm from the wall (800 mm length of the shield plus 10-15 mm gap between the shield and the wall), the other - at the same distance from the short wall. According to this column, packed by the letter F, placed two series of panels of Lighthouse, the first - in the corner farthest from the entrance. Checking the correctness of placing the shield on the cord, it nailed to each lag. If you use boards with the grooves, then put in their bonding with three spines and they skewer the following boards (Fig. 35). At the edge of the panels, facing the wall, you can drive nails from the top: cap them in the future will be covered with skirting no less than 10-12 mm. If the panels are manufactured with grooves and ridges, the edges with ridges turning to the walls.
Corian: the scope of application
Corian for us - a completely new material. And it's just surprising, given that the company DuPont "(DuPont) invented it in the middle of last century, and today it is literally a mass application, and each of us surely have seen him. Just do not rush to deny: that the first time we see the first time we hear. If you have been to McDonald's, you know, all tops there are made of Corian. If you do not even edali hamburger, you have probably visited a dentist, and therefore, it is likely that flaunts Corian in your mouth - it was out of it make a seal. Application. Corian so rapidly enters our life, if only to enumerate all its scope, get the impressive list. In an apartment or office thereof may literally everything: walls, floor, ceiling, doors, chairs, cabinets, lockers, desks and countertops, all kinds of fittings, light switches, TV cabinet and a computer, lamps, candlesticks, vases. Stairs, columns, fireplaces Corian obtained are great. But more often, of course, from this material do countertops. Very nice, plus a practical and hygienic. Mistresses like another book of Corian sinks. Moreover, the kitchen and bathroom in general can be made entirely of Corian. From what he's done. Corian - is a composite consisting of mineral fillers, color pigments and a binder - acrylic resin. As a mineral filler used aluminum trihydrate - white powder, a component of white clay. The same one used to make high-quality porcelain. Pigments - the so-called food-grade minerals - give the color of clear acrylic resin.
Laminate - imitation flooring
Recently in our market, a large number of new finishing materials, their name does not say anything to the consumer. We decided to start a series of publications that describe in detail about new products, their pros and cons. Object number one in our review - laminate. In most cases, when it comes to flooring, we hear - "ideally there would look flooring. But flooring is not all afford it, and besides its styling requires considerable effort. How to be in this situation? One of the alternatives can be laminated. So what is it? Just say, laminate - it's not the kind of flooring, but only a simulation. Unlike natural materials, laminate flooring is made not of wood, it is a printed decorative layer on a polymer base, coated with wear-resistant film. Basis of laminated board - hardboard (MDF), which provides the necessary strength and rigidity. On top of it pasted paper layer, which caused the picture imitating the densely packed boards parquet made of valuable species (beech, maple, cherry). The quality of the upper printing layer is such that sometimes it is difficult to distinguish from the laminated board products from wood. Simulates not only rock and wood texture, but surface roughness. In addition to wood, there are brands that simulates stone - marble, granite, carpeting, tile, as well as ornaments, patterns and abstract paintings. On top of paper with a pattern applied protective layer of acrylic or melamine resin. In the most high quality brands of this surface layer contains corundum, known for his toughness.
Tuesday, October 4, 2011
Massive board: the philosophy of stability
Maxim Glotov man, appreciates the stability and the Q, are struggling in today's rapidly changing world. However, there are things that still live on the other, we may say the eternal laws. Among them - the massive board. This material is for the ages. His appearance is driving away the thought of the impermanence of earthly existence. Massive board holds a special place in the row of wooden floors. For its appearance, it resembles a parquet board, but unlike the latter, consists of a single piece of wood, rather than three layers, where valuable - only the top. Accordingly, the massive floor stands a much greater number of polishing (thickness 2-2,2 cm working layer of the array up to 1 cm). With solid wood parquet has the general structure (parquet is also solid on the depth), but it far exceeds its size. Typically, the width of these boards is 12-15 cm (rarely 20 cm), and length - from 60 cm to 3 m. Wood Flooring: from classics to exotics Solid flooring is made from both hardwood and softwood timber. Anciently known oak floors, renowned for its strength and durability. Hardwood with oak competes Siberian larch: it has high hardness, resistance to pests, moisture and most importantly, is relatively inexpensive. From overseas for the manufacture of solid wood boards are used: Tigerwood, Ipe (Lapacho), Jatoba, Rosewood, Zebrano, teak, wenge. The most common foreign breed - merbau. Exotic breeds are understandably more expensive local. But if you want to lay an unusual floor (purple, yellow, pink hue, etc.), it is better to pay more for imports than to acquire widespread toned rocks (eg oak): pereshlifovke at all the beauty disappears.
Carpeting
Decoration of walls and ceilings with decorative elements in various shapes and figures - an old architectural tradition. Even in Greece and Rome used exquisite moldings, and then they go through all the times and styles - classical, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Empire, Art Nouveau - hitting his contemporaries with the beauty and elegance. We say "stucco" - and in the representation of faces magnificent palaces, museums, manors. Yes, this beauty has always demanded the scale, resources, and has never been dressing huts. Only in recent decades thanks to the emergence of relatively inexpensive and practical polymer materials she was able to enter into a modern European housing. In Russia, the spread of the spacious apartments and high, high-quality suburban housing is now also increasingly common use of the relief of architectural decoration. Today stucco sold as separate modules and components, of which going to a single track, the appropriate style and features of an interior design and taste maker. Since the original ornament (sometimes in the same palace) is removed form, and with this form of mold desired number of repetitions. Traditionally, to obtain high-quality moldings use materials that can change from liquid to solid, without cracks and large shrinkage: plaster, papier-mache, clay, cement, metal, fiberglass, steklokompozit, polystyrene, polyurethane. And although the current process of "sculpting" of polymeric materials is completely different to how it did the ancient architects, the visual effect is absolutely straight.
Moldings: columns, half-columns, pilasters, cornices, baseboards, moldings
Decoration of walls and ceilings with decorative elements in various shapes and figures - an old architectural tradition. Even in Greece and Rome used exquisite moldings, and then they go through all the times and styles - classical, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Empire, Art Nouveau - hitting his contemporaries with the beauty and elegance. We say "stucco" - and in the representation of faces magnificent palaces, museums, manors. Yes, this beauty has always demanded the scale, resources, and has never been dressing huts. Only in recent decades thanks to the emergence of relatively inexpensive and practical polymer materials she was able to enter into a modern European housing. In Russia, the spread of the spacious apartments and high, high-quality suburban housing is now also increasingly common use of the relief of architectural decoration. Today stucco sold as separate modules and components, of which going to a single track, the appropriate style and features of an interior design and taste maker. Since the original ornament (sometimes in the same palace) is removed form, and with this form of mold desired number of repetitions. Traditionally, to obtain high-quality moldings use materials that can change from liquid to solid, without cracks and large shrinkage: plaster, papier-mache, clay, cement, metal, fiberglass, steklokompozit, polystyrene, polyurethane. And although the current process of "sculpting" of polymeric materials is completely different to how it did the ancient architects, the visual effect is absolutely straight.
Outlining the floor
Edging sex-task easier and not as ambitious as its styling, but still quite important. We are talking about a final touch, which will give the picture of perfection and set off the beauty framed surface, be it flooring, laminate or carpet. Skirting can either match the decoration of walls and floor, or to contrast with them. Therefore, you should pay close attention to its shape, color and material. The oldest and still most popular type of skirting, solid wood. Often selected the same tree species, as for the floor. Inlaid oak flooring best turn over the same oak tree (but there are plenty of other interesting solutions). The length of an oak plinth rail is typically 2.5 m, the cost-from 120 to 360 rubles. zashtuku. Very nicely framed parquet plinth edge of mahogany. This material has several color options: saturated with a reddish tint (grade "Merbau," Armoziya "," Kempas, "Ulin"); smoky Medium intensity (grade "Tick", "Kumer") and light (grade "Daru" "Mersava", "ball"). Birthplace of the wood-South-East Asia. Feature-that all finishing items are strongly change color after painting. Therefore, when buying a plinth should ask to see samples of strips coated with varnish, and compare with the basic shade of the same sex, preferably also varnished. If the requested samples do not, the easiest way to guess the next color to the tree-damp cloth. It immediately changes color to very close to the final result.
In the animal world
In recent years, designers mastered the "selfish interest". Covers of various wild animals and reptiles roamed the interior, becoming the upholstery, carpets and rugs. The characteristic texture and pattern in the style of "Wild World" is successfully cloned in artificial substitutes, textiles, and various accessories. Inclined to philosophize aesthetes believe that so modern prosperous townsman subconsciously nostalgic about the times, "BC" when unsettled ancestor was forced to pull into his cold cave hides them dead animals. Then they warmed him and were a symbol of social success. Now the rug of skins, carelessly thrown on the comfortable sofa upholstered with leather crocodile, appeals to the primitive passions. So, every time he sat down on the couch, leather-covered, you make a virtual trip into the past. Furthermore, the presence of these materials are believed to compensate for the lack of modern man thrills a pioneer, living secretly in each of us. But since most of the thirst for extreme local character, the designers indulge her, creating with the help of animal skins ethnic sketches. The house settles exotica, but in measured doses and safe way. As you know, leather upholstery of the furniture used at different times and in different nations, although it has never been directly linked to the prevailing style or fashion trends. Since the Middle Ages chairs, and later covered with leather sofas. But, perhaps, is the twentieth century revealed its potential in all its brilliance.