Clay bricks and hollow

BRICK CLAY ordinary bricks has a rectangular parallelepiped with flat faces and straight edges and corners; size 250h120h65 or 250x120x88 mm. For brick-thick 88 mm necessary to have round or slotted technology voids. For the production of building bricks are usually used fusible clay containing 50 - 75% silica, and clay loam with emaciated and burnable additives or without them. Volumetric weight of the clay ordinary bricks is within the 1700 - 1900 kg / m?, and coefficient of thermal conductivity, 0.65 - 0.7 kcal / m h o o deg. Depending on the magnitude of the compressive strength brick is divided into grade 75, 100, 125, 150 and 200. Brick, dried to constant weight, should have water absorption of not less than 8%. This requirement implies a certain porosity of bricks, because otherwise it will be characterized by high thermal conductivity and, furthermore, it will be bad bite mortar. Frost resistance of brick, not less than 15 cycles of alternate freezing and thawing. Brick must be properly burned. The firing temperature for ordinary brick clays averages 900 - 1100 `S. Pale brick (scarlet) has insufficient strength, low resistance to water and frost, and bleach (iron ore) have higher bulk density, high density and strength, a relatively high thermal conductivity and, as a rule, distorted form. Brick must meet the requirements of the standard appearance. This is established by inspection and measurement of a certain number of bricks from each party on the following characteristics: the deviation from the specified dimensions (length ± 6, ± 4 in width, thickness ± H mm), curved (for bed up to 4 mm, a spoonful of 5 mm), chipped corners and edges (no more than two on each brick size not exceeding 15 mm), the presence of through-cracks, passing across a brick (no more than one length of 40 mm inclusive). Brick masonry is used for exterior and interior walls, making wall blocks and panels, as well as masonry ovens and chimneys only in those areas where the temperature does not exceed the temperature of firing bricks. EFFICIENT CERAMIC PRODUCTS exterior walls of buildings from ordinary clay bricks are usually for reasons of thermal insulation are relatively thick (2 - 2,5 bricks). Very often, the walls have too much strength, which is not fully used. In addition, a large weight of the walls creates a significant burden on the foundation. Therefore, full brick seek to replace other, less thermally conductive products, which are often referred to as effective. They are porous, hollow and porous hollow brick and hollow ceramic stones. These products have a lower bulk density and lower thermal conductivity than the solid brick, but have sufficient strength. In addition, some of these products have sizes larger than ordinary bricks. Application of efficient products can reduce costs of wall materials at 20 - 30% (compared to the brick), to reduce the weight of buildings and reduce the cost of construction (for example, the cost of 1 sq. km. M wall thickness of 52 cm of clay bricks for efficient semischelevogo 20 - 25% below the cost of the wall thickness of 64 cm from the corpulent clay bricks). In addition, the production of these materials saves raw materials, fuel, electricity and shortens the manufacturing of products. Hollow building brick are made with cross-cutting (perforated), or dead-end (pyatistenny) voids perpendicular to their beds. The raw materials for its production using fusible clay or clay-trepelnye mixed with burnable additives or without them. Single brick has dimensions 250x120h65 or 250h120x88 mm, and the Bastard - 250x120x103 mm. Depending on the compressive strength and bending of the cross section of gross (gross area of ??the holes), he issued four stamps - 75, 100, 125, 150. At a height of bricks 88 and 103 mm compressive strength is taken by a factor of 1.2. Volumetric weight (gross) hollow brick is divided into two classes: B - with the bulk density 1300 kg / cubic meter, V - with a volumetric weight of 1300 - 1450 kg / cu.m. In pyatistennogo brick surround gross weight must not exceed 1500 kg / cu.m. Water absorption brick not less than 6% (by weight), and frost resistance of at least 15 cycles. In laying out pyatistennogo brick is formed of vertical openings, and the existing closed cavities improve the heat-shielding properties of masonry. Perforated bricks and pyatistenny used along with ordinary. Do not use perforated brick masonry foundations and underground parts of the walls, stoves and smoke channels. Building brick light has the same shape and size as the ordinary. It was made from clay or shale, and tripoli (diatomite) with burnable additives. Volumetric weight is divided into three classes - A, B, C (volumetric weight of 700 to 1400 kg / cubic meter), each of which correspond to certain brands (from 35 to 100). Frost resistance it should be at least 10 cycles. Bricks used for masonry low-rise buildings, the upper floors of tall buildings. You may not use the brick masonry foundations, bases below the waterproofing layer, stoves and smoke channels. Relatively low weight and reduced thermal conductivity of bricks can facilitate weight of the structure as it is possible to reduce the thickness of the walls and the number of brick masonry. Hollow wall stones are made in the form of a cuboid with straight edges and smooth or grooved surfaces, with cross-cutting or closed cavities. Sizes of stones larger than bricks (length 250 - 290, width 120 - 190, Thickness 138 - 288 mm), thereby increasing productivity in masonry walls and fewer seams. Gross volume weight of stones less than 1400 kg / cu.m. Water absorption of stones may be at least 6%, frost - at least 15 cycles. In strength (cross section gross) distinguish stones marks 75, 100, 125, 150 kg / cm. Mark is determined by placing a stone in the press, respectively, of stone in the masonry. Hollow stones used for masonry walls, the walls of frame buildings, interior walls and partitions. Due to the lower thermal conductivity and lower weight compared to an ordinary brick wall thickness of hollow stones is reduced by 20 - 25%, and the weight of 1 m wall - almost 50%.