The Second Life of parquet

Vitaly Lviv Parquet - a very time-consuming and demanding finishing operations. Matter how carefully did not fit parquet, achieve an ideal surface is virtually impossible. Therefore, for a final floor leveling carried out a range of works. First, consider the materials used for flooring. Hardwood materials include flooring itself, as well as materials in some way mimic the parquet. Parquet - wood material in the form of plates made of hard wood. Basically was spread parquet from oak, beech, elm, ash, maple, elm, beech, birch. Plate on the side edges are ridges and grooves. Usually located on the crest of one long and one short edge, and the other two slots are made. Much less common flooring of the two types of plates - plates only on some slots, while others only ridges. Ridges and grooves provide a tight connection of individual plates in a single whole - a great beauty and environmentally friendly floor. The thicker the parquet plate, the longer and better is parquet and so, naturally, it is more expensive. When people talk about "real" hardwood floor, it usually refers to two of its kind - piece and mosaic. Laying the "real" hardwood floor - a very time-consuming and demanding finishing operations. Matter how carefully did not fit parquet, achieve an ideal surface is virtually impossible. Therefore, for a final floor leveling the complex of works aimed at achieving the desired characteristics of parquet flooring. Depending on its condition and your wishes can be carried out following operations: a preliminary sanding parquet - Made Belt sander to remove old paint, dirt, removal of small imperfections, scratches and warping wood sanding parquet - finally smooths the surface and eliminates the traces of sanding - waviness, shagreen and rising pile of wood.

Laying laminate

Most of the products provided with a sensible and articulate instructions. With their help, it is easy to make laying on the flat surface by the method of "floating floor" when the individual elements of cover are glued together on a "tongue in groove" or held together without glue (a system with a "snap"), and the resulting whole cover is mounted on the floor, without being glued to it. Floating floor need Sound Insulation substrate made of cork or foam. If not, then go on such a floor - all the same as knocking on a hollow drum. However, sound insignificant improve the acoustics in the room: each step will echo if the shoes on his heels. Therefore, when tested in the laboratory in terms of "mute shock noise" to assess laminate coatings were relatively low. Ukaldki process is carried out strictly according to instructions. It is relatively simple, if you observe a few rules. Used tool optimally concise - folding rule, struts, mounts, fastening seat belts and drink. The base for laying should be as smooth and dry. Before placing it must be like to sweep. Irregularities can be eliminated by any leveling compound, which can be purchased in specialty stores. Foundation of PVC or linoleum must be affixed over the entire area, otherwise they should be removed. Carpets are best removed, as on a soft base groove and tongue may break up. Before laying the laminate should pave the vapor permeable layer. Best fit for this plastic film. For sound insulation for floors laid a layer of corrugated cardboard, cork or similar sound-proofing material.

All of the carpet: the structure, types of carpet, modes of presentation

With the onset of winter many of us have a problem with a temperature of flooring, linoleum can not comfortably move around the room without slippers. Of course, it can be heated floor or replace the cover on warmer, for example, to lay a natural carpet, but it's not all afford it and besides, you can hardly find a carpet to a tee matches the size of your room. An alternative to these methods can be expensive carpeting. Structure of modern carpets are almost always the same. If you look at them in context, we can distinguish the following components: the pile, the primary liner (base) and the secondary lining consisting of a pinning layer and the proper pads, usually made of latex. An important characteristic of the carpet yarn is used for its manufacture. Modern carpeting is made from natural and synthetic fibers. Among the products made from natural materials are the most common pure wool or mixed (containing between 10 and 30% wool). The advantages of carpet wool are excellent elasticity, low moisture permeability and flammability, ease of cleaning. Disadvantages - low wear and high cost. "Lower cost-per-meter natural carpet - 15-20 dollars. To distinguish natural from synthetic carpeting is very simple, a string of wool carpet glow and artificial melts. The main types of synthetic fibers used in the manufacture of floor coverings, are polyamides (nylon), polypropylene (olefin), polyester and polyacryl. Coating of nylon in their qualities better than the other synthetic materials: they are soft, well keep the pile and they are almost not visible dents from furniture, they are easy to clean and does not fade.

Choosing flooring: hardwood materials, the history of the parquet

For interior decoration, namely equality, where aesthetics are important, warmth, comfort and supportive environment, most people prefer wood rather than some other materials. In this appearance, color, wood grain for human fertility are more important than its objective physical performance. In addition, the modern market offers a huge number of varieties of flooring: piece and a massive board, parquet and laminate flooring. In general, if you go to any major company selling flooring, the eyes just run away. Advertising, descend on us from the pages of newspapers and magazines, a TV screen and on the radio, doing his own thing - definitely helps to get confused. That flooring is good, but this one is even better, and the head of an unsophisticated buyer is spinning. We decided to help you - tell us about hardwood materials. History History of parquet wood floors with approximately 3000 years. And no wonder, because the wood flooring has many advantages: it is warm, elastic, easy to process, relatively inexpensive (a forest in those days was much higher) and, as we now say, "environmentally friendly". Since ancient times was known for half of the split along the length of the logs, plank directly on the ground. In Russia, the wood floors have become part of interior decoration is relatively recent. In the XV century for flooring mainly used sliced ??thick boards made of soft wood such as spruce, pine, fir. Starting from the XVI century steel plank flooring of oak staves, stacked figure who wore (and still is) known as "herringbone".

Selecting and laying parquet

Parquet used as a floor covering is not just for the sake of prestige and beauty. Parquet flooring is popular because of its environmental friendliness, good heat and sound insulation. Also attracts and the inimitable brilliance and naturalness of this flooring, even despite the considerable complexity of parquet. The variety of colors of wood, parquet ways can upload almost any designs and drawings. And, most importantly, with proper care hardwood floor will last a long time. Classification parquet Depending on the methods and parquet flooring materials used are divided into several types. By type of materials distinguish the following types: parquet - some strips of natural hardwood, parquet board - two or three-layered shield of wood covered with lacquer (top layer - always solid wood, the bottom - of softwood) laminate - parquet analogue board, except the top layer, which uses decorative film or paper, with the figure "under the tree" or other patterns; massive board - a board, made entirely from solid natural wood. Each of these wood flooring can be laid in various ways. Standard types of installation "Deck", "Christmas tree", "Square" are quite common. And can these types can be combined and stacked along the walls as well as a certain angle. But the originality of a room attached to a variety of artistic modes of presentation ("socket", "diamonds", "Star" and other ornaments). This article will devote the selection and installation is parquet, as one of the most durable.

Wooden floor

Vitaly Lviv Not all respond with approval of the plank floors. However, they look great in a cottage in the village house. Properly stacked plank floors, are in for a long time, does not creak when walking, they are warm, beautiful, easy to care for them Not all respond with approval of the plank floors. Many believe that this kind of flooring outdated and that a much greater extent for registration of premises suitable modern synthetic materials. However, plank floors and look great in a cottage in the village house. Sometimes their plank and a small apartment in the city, but in this case plank floors look good only when combined with the interior. Properly stacked plank floors that meet all requirements of the flooring, are in for a long time, does not creak when walking, they are warm, beautiful, easy to care for them, and in case of any shortage can be quickly repaired. The choice of wood before you start work, you need to buy the necessary materials. With carefully selected planks for flooring. It is best to use the board from coniferous trees: pine, spruce, fir, cedar, larch. The wood of these trees are not only beautiful but also strong and durable. If you're going to cover the wooden floor varnish, not paint, then the selection of materials, choose a light and dense wood with high gloss and a beautiful structure - a natural pattern of wood fibers on the treated surface. It is believed that the most beautiful structure have walnut and mahogany, but these materials are very expensive.

Features plank floors

Vitaly Lviv plank flooring plank directly on the beams when they are located at the right distance from each other, and laid on their board - do not bend while walking. When the beams are laid often and laying floor boards are thin, then the beams having antiseptirovannye lining of fiberboard or other material, placed first lags humidity of not more than 18%. This is done to protect the wall against the penetration of the sound on them from walking or striking on the floor. Construction plank floors can be different. When the device of reinforced concrete slab floor laid on joists spaced 400-500 mm, but not directly on the floor, and the stacked along their entire length of the strip antiseptirovannoy fibreboard. When the plank floors of brick or concrete column, the upper part of them thoroughly equal, that they were in all directions at the same level. On top of putting two layers of roofing or roofing material on them - antiseptirovannuyu wood lining, and at her - lag. If underground dry enough, the waterproofing is better to put on two levels: on top of brick columns and at 100-150 mm above ground level. Plank floor should be very accurate. Therefore, beams and joists are placed strictly on the level, length and width of the room. Lags used in nestroganyh boards 2 and third grades needed moisture. Wood can be softwood and hardwood (except lime and poplar). When installing the lag in the columnar base distance between such pillars of the axes depends on the thickness of the lag.

Technology of parquet: the stages, features, tips

It should be noted immediately that the laying of flooring - a responsible and accurate. However, the result if all the technological principles have been met, surpassing all expectations. In this article we will try to give answer to the question - what is the laying of parquet. In addition, we consider the nuances of gender training, working with glue, sanding hardwood floor, and also features the application of decorative and protective coatings and care for flooring. Terms of parquet "pie" neatly arranged varnished hardwood slats - only visible result obtained by careful preliminary work: preparation of slabs, waterproofing, pouring cement screed, priming and laying water-resistant plywood, priming by glue, laying parquet planks, fillers, sanding and priming lacquer coating. In some cases, you can do without some of the components of this process, but sometimes you have to include additional steps. However, all in order. Reason Firstly, it is necessary to evaluate the base for stacking. It should be: Exactly - drops no more than 2 mm on the basis of 2 m (this norm is registered in SNIP 3.04.01-87 "Isolation and finishes). To measure this parameter using special devices (because of considerable value to the acquisition of mostly can only afford the specialized organizations and quite wealthy people), but you can do, and inexpensive water level. Dry - relative humidity should be a maximum of 5%. Ignoring this requirement leads to disastrous consequences - sometimes even have to completely shift the entire flooring.

The floor is made of PVC tiles

Vitaly Lviv often in front of the owners of country houses raises the question, what floor the bed? Today, there are various options for floors, but we wish to talk about one of them - from polyvinylchloride floor tiles. PVC tiles - single-and multi-colored with a smooth or textured outer surface - is made from polyvinyl chloride, plasticizers, fillers, pigments and various additives. When repairing floors covered with polyvinylchloride tiles do not need to change all the coverage. You can easily replace worn or damaged tiles without affecting the others. For the production of tiles, first produced a large cloth material and then cut down from it with a metal stamp tiles required size. PVC tiles are used most often is in a residential area where the floor does not get abrasive materials, fats and oils. Tiles can not be used where there is a high throughput, since it can not withstand such loads, such as ceramic tile or shlakositall. PVC tiles often have a square or trapezoidal. Square tiles of PVC have a length of 300 mm. The thickness of these tiles can also vary from 1,5 to 2,5 mm. Before buying a tile, think about whether the high permeability in the room where you use PVC, and in accordance with this pick thickness. Quality tiles of the same color have a uniform color across the surface. Tiles should be col, with smooth (no burrs and Shcherbin) edges. After inspecting the tiles near, move away from her, and if from a distance of 1 m is not noticeable on her sag, scratches, bowls, bumps, or spots (as well as any foreign matter), then the party comes.

Love to ... parquet floors

Since ancient times, the favorite, and often the only building material in the vast territory of Russia is a tree - the most affordable and easy to process material. At first floor of dwellings was a split along the length of the logs, laid flat side up directly on the ground. But already in Kievan Rus were made of wide wooden floor boards laid along the premises on the crossbeams. And for the very significant public or princely houses wooden flooring was laid in several layers. The length of the boards could reach 2 - 2,5 meters and a thickness greater than 20 - 30 mm. Similar plank floors were made primarily of soft conifers. In the XVI century Russia expanded technology flooring from oak staves, stacked pattern, which to this day is called "herringbone". Staves are usually fastened base of soft wood, mostly pine. Reliable flooring was considered as a dense stacking wooden bars in the form of bricks, the joints between them filled with a mixture of lime and resin. The main way of surface treatment of wooden floors in antiquity was impregnated with melted lard, lye, or organic coloring composition and method of care - washing and scraping with the use of alkali and sand. And until the end of the XVI century, the only kind of decorating the floor in Russia remained the unit frieze along the walls around the perimeter of the room, which was used not only for decoration, how to hide seams and bindings boards. Until the mid-nineteenth century the process of production and laying of parquet floors anticipated handheld technology exclusively.

Characteristics of wood for parquet floors

Rezenkov Alex oak, ash, beech, wenge. Choosing a car person focuses not only on color and appearance, but first and foremost on its performance. The same thing happens when choosing a hardwood floor. You can not buy sex only on the basis of first impressions. You must first determine what the properties of one or another species of wood: how much it is hard, moisture resistance, etc., should be especially careful when it comes to artistic dance floor, where the simultaneous use of several types of wood. For the production of parquet flooring is traditionally used hardwood, softwood is superior in hardness and wear resistance. In turn, the hardwood trees are divided into local (native to Central Europe) and exotic (Africa, South America, Southeast Asia). The first group includes such species as oak, beech, ash, maple, hornbeam, etc., to the second - merbau, teak, wenge, Kumar, Lapacho, Duss, muteniyu, etc. The wood of different species differ in hardness, density , stability, oxidation, expressive texture, the degree of shrinkage, resistance to stress, etc. I know the breed parquet ... One of the basic properties of the parquet - toughness. This indicator is measured by the so-called Brinell method, which essentially consists of the following. Steel ball is pressed into the surface of wood with a certain strength and duration, then measure the indented and calculate the coefficient of hardness. Lower it, so, consequently, less strength is wood. So, Jatoba index of hardness 7. And, say, Scotch pine - just 1,6-1,8.

Parquet board

Parquet board has proven himself not only in Western countries, but in and of Russia. Well-established name for this type of product is the best it describes. On the one hand parquet planks in their geometric dimensions resemble the floor boards, and on the other hand, due to the drawing strips of the upper layer, the floor, laid out among them, simulates a coating of parquet (although perhaps it was a stylistic decision under the traditional floor boards). Parquet board has the following standard dimensions 2.5 x 0, 19 m, a thickness of 7, 10, 14, 20 or 22 mm and vary in their structure. They represent a homogeneous product of valuable wood (from the array), or multilayer structure. The latter type is most common because it is cheaper and more deprived of this essential lack of bulk products such as deformation. Most-layered parquet board has the following structure: Face layer of planks of valuable species of wood, apply the same tree species, as for parquet, such as oak, beech, maple, merbau, etc. (7 mm for the thin veneer boards used) The middle layer of softwood (can also be used in a multilayer laminated wood or fibreboard of high density), bottom layer of plywood. The structure of multilayer parquet. 1 - several layers of varnish, 2 - the top layer of hardwood with the fibers along the long The sides boards, 3 - middle layer of the slats, lying across the top layer, 4 - the bottom layer with the fibers along the long side of the board main advantage of the parquet is, the that they are sold, mostly fully processed in the factory - polished and coated with lacquer or oil, and after laying the floor is immediately ready for operation, ie excluded such a long and expensive operations like sanding and varnishing.

Classes of laminated surfaces

To select high-quality - and, crucially, the appropriate operating conditions for certain room laminate flooring - it is necessary to navigate and properly read those specifications, which are contained in brochures and technical descriptions of the material. First of all, you need to pay attention to the class using this laminate flooring. In accordance with EN 685 all floor covering laminated pass a series of tests (18 tests): the abrasion resistance, a burning cigarette, impact resistance, light resistance, the content of formaldehyde, etc. After each test coverage is assigned to a specific class, and the lowest level, the class of all laminate flooring. Classes of laminated coatings are listed in the table. It is necessary to understand that even if the coating on the combination of all tests and assigned to Class 23, a number of indicators, he may be even higher. General information about the classes of laminate flooring Declared by the manufacturer warranty period for each type of laminate flooring refers to a particular type of premises where these floors will be used (see table). It is therefore necessary to strictly follow the requirements of the manufacturer (for the application of any type of laminated flooring). Different manufacturers of different warranty period (from 5 to 25 years), so this figure should look for when choosing laminate flooring. To select laminate flooring should also be aware of a class of its use (see table). It should be borne in mind that, as we said above, within the same group of indicators for different tests can vary significantly.

GOST 30548-97 Nonwoven Fabrics (subbase) for linoleum. Test methods

GOST 26150-84 building materials and products based on the finishing polymer polyvinyl chloride. Method of sanitary-chemical evaluation

GOST 18108-80 Polyvinylchloride linoleum teplozvukoizoliruyuschey subbase. Technical conditions

Score apartment

For most people, the apartment is, in our opinion, the most expensive piece of property. Increasingly, people are aware that the square meters in which they live, have a higher price, which is constantly changing with time. Change the value of even a small one-bedroom apartment only a few percent in absolute terms can mean a considerable amount of money from several thousand to tens of thousands of dollars. It is no wonder that many homeowners to periodically ask themselves: - "What is the apartment where I live? But particularly relevant prices for apartments in Moscow are in the case of the sale, purchase or exchange of housing in the capital. There are many ways to learn the approximate market price of the apartment. But even if we invite some professional appraisers or experienced Realtors, each of them would call their number. But the real selling price of the apartment, most likely not coincide with any of them! That's the way market. At the price of housing in Moscow is influenced by many different factors, up to the mental attitude of seller and buyer at the time of bargaining. Therefore, before the transaction can only define a "corridor", which is likely to cost is flat. And for a more precise definition of this "corridor" is better to collect a number of different assessments and views - the truth will be somewhere in between. Service "Valuation of flats in a mode online» Analytical Center is one way to find out the approximate market value of apartments in Moscow with a single keystroke.

Assessment of land (plots)

As a general rule, when it comes to land valuation, determine a market value of the property rights to land, or lease agreements. How is the assessment of land? In assessing the land is primarily based on its location, the influence of external factors and market conditions. In addition, taking into account the expected value, duration and probability of making a profit from the exploitation of the land with the most efficient use, excluding income from other types of production involved more land for business activities. The market value of the site changes over time, so the valuation of land held by a specific date. When you change the target destination site (permitted uses) its market value also changes. Land valuation is carried out based on the principle of the most efficient use of land. This means that the market value of land is determined on the basis of such use of the site, which is most likely physically possible, reasonably justified, the relevant requirements of current legislation and financially feasible, resulting in a maximum expected value of the cost of land. In this case, perhaps a reasonable division of land into separate parts, different shapes, appearance and character of use. The most efficient use of land may not coincide with its current use. In determining the most efficient use of land should be taken into account: its purpose and permitted use, the predominant mode of land use in the immediate vicinity of the assessed land, expected changes in the market of land, existing land use.

GOST 11529-86 Polyvinyl chloride materials for floors. Control methods

GOST 27023-86 Carpets welding polyvinyl chloride linoleum on teplozvukoizoliruyuschey subbase. Technical conditions

GOST 7251-77 Polyvinylchloride linoleum woven and nonwoven subbase. Technical conditions

Score under construction

Today one of the most important indicators of investment in fixed assets, housing and other programs is the state of the market construction in progress. Investment potential of this market is huge. Construction in progress can be viewed as a failed investment projects, where specific investors are prone to high-risk conditions, unfavorable investment climate could not achieve their goals. To return at least part of the invested funds, many of them are ready to abandon the ongoing projects and to realize the objects of unfinished construction on the open market more adventurous owners. Practice shows that the evaluation of assets under construction at a cost of cost does not reflect the interests of the participants of the market. Therefore, the market construction in progress here has long been in stagnation, and unfinished construction projects can not find an efficient owner. In a rapidly changing market conditions, evaluation of assets under construction - the problem is very urgent and complex, requiring appraisers from the expertise and experience. Evaluation of assets under construction is made for the following purposes: 1. Staging facility under construction on the balance of the organization. 2. Definition of fair market value of the property under construction, which reflects the construction and the market price situation. 3. Decision on further use of the object under construction. Answer to question the continued functioning of an object depends on its degree of maturity and the possibility of changing its operational mission.

GOST R 51870-2002 Services household. Cleaning services for buildings and facilities. General specifications

GOST 30353-95 Floors. Method of test for resistance to shock effects

GOST 862.2-85 Parquet products. Mosaic parquet. Technical conditions

GOST 862.3-86 Parquet products. Hardwood boards. Technical conditions

GOST 51032-97 Material construction. The test method for flame spread

GOST 51032-97 Group F 39 STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Building Materials Test Method for Flame Propagation Building materials Spread flame test method of introducing Date 01.01.1997 1. Developed by the State Central Scientific-Research and Development Institute of the experimental complex issues of building structures and facilities of VA Kucherenko (CNIISK im.Kucherenko) State Research Centre for Construction "(SRC" Building "), the All-Russian Research Institute for Fire Defense ( VNIIPO) Russian Interior Ministry with the participation of the Moscow Institute of Fire Safety of Russia made by the Office of standardization, technical regulation and certification of the Ministry of Construction of Russia 2. Adopted and put into effect the decision of the Ministry of Construction of Russia from 27.12.1996 № 18-93 was 3. GOST 30444-97 "Construction materials. Test Method for Flame Propagation", promulgated by Decree State Construction Committee of Russia from 20.03.98 N 18-21, recognized as having the same force with GOST 51032-97 in the Russian Federation in connection with complete authenticity of their content. Introduction This standard was developed based on the draft standard ISO / ICP 9239.2, "Major tests - Reaction to fire - the flame for a horizontal surface floor coverings under the influence of radiative heat source of ignition." Section 6 - 8 of this standard authentic relevant sections of the draft standard ISO / ICP 9239.2. 1 Scope This standard specifies the test method for flame spread on materials of the surface layers of structural floors and roofs, as well as their classification into groups of flame propagation.

GOST 862.4-87 Parquet products. Hardwood boards. Technical conditions

Steel. The use of steel

Mark Steel Replacement Application St10 St08, 15.08 kn to detail special requirements of high ductility, they work in temperatures ranging from -40 ° C to +450 ° C. After KRD become parts with high surface hardness and strength of the core is low. St10 (kp, ps) St08kp, 15kp, 10 This detail, which operate at temperatures up to + 450 ° C (still and bushings, washers, screws, eyelets, etc.), they are requirements of high ductility. After KRD have a high surface hardness, wear resistance and strength of the core is low. St15 St10, 20 to detail special requirements of high ductility, they work in temperatures ranging from -40 ° C to +450 ° C - it's the bolts, screws, hooks and other items. After KRD (levers, cams, nuts and other parts) are parts with high surface hardness and strength of the core is low. St15 (kp, ps) St10kp, 20kp parts operate in temperatures from -40 ° C to +425 ° C - these are elements of pipe joints, fittings, plugs and other parts. After grouting and cyanidation of the details require high surface hardness and low strength of the core (fasteners, axles, levers, etc.) St18kp For welded constructions in the form of sheets of varying thickness and contour profiles. St20 (20A) St15, 25 crane hook, couplings, bushings bearings and other parts after normalization with or without heat treatment, working at a temperature of -40 ° C to 425 ° C under pressure, after KRD - gears, worms, and other details to which the claim is a high surface hardness of the low strength of the core.

GOST 17716-91 Mirrors. General specifications

SNIP 3.04.01-87 insulation and finishes

SNIP 11/03/2001 Typical design documentation

Metal. Steel

Steel is a ductile (deformable), an alloy of iron with carbon (within 2%) and some other elements. Iron-base steel. The structure of the steels in the equilibrium state the percentage of carbon formed depends on the final form of the microstructure of steels and alloys. It can determine the structural diagram of Fe - Fe3C in accordance with the processes that occur in the composition of the alloy. The properties of steels and alloys affect the carbon and constant impurity (process). They are the necessary components, so they are difficult to remove in the smelting of (S, P), from the charge - scrap metal doped (Cr, Ni, etc.), in the process of reduction (Mn, Si). Constant impurity (manganese, silicon, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen) are present in solid or gaseous form. At the same time, they do not affect significantly the position of critical points of the diagram Fe - Fe3C. Dependence lies in the possibility of forming separate phases with iron (the main component) and the place of occurrence of these phases. If carbon is to increase the carbon content (up to 1,2%), then increase the hardness, strength, yield strength, the electric resistance, brittleness threshold (0.1% contributes to the temperature threshold of brittleness at 20 ? C), the coercive force. At the same time, plasticity, viscosity, density, thermal conductivity, the magnitude of the residual induction, the elongation and narrowing down. Since the physical properties change, then this leads to a number of negative processes and, specifically, weldability, deformation at stamping, etc.

SNIP 3.04.01-87 insulation and finishes

GOST R 51870-2002 Services household. Cleaning services for buildings and facilities. General specifications

SNIP 02/30/1997 Planning and development areas of gardening associations of citizens and buildings

Metall. How to buy steel

Metal constructions are used as carriers in various engineering structures, including in the frame of the building, lining panels (aluminum metal). Thus, the concept of "Metal" combines the products, which are manufactured using black or non-ferrous metal, and prefabricated structures. The earliest metal structures were built in 19 century - the building of the industrial exhibition in London, the Eiffel Tower in Paris. It is difficult to imagine a building without the use of metal. Use in construction of various types of metal allows for quick installation, reducing, thus, the timing of delivery of construction projects in operation. Metalware classified according to the method of manufacture (riveted, forged, cast, forged, welded, combined, point), size and configuration. By appointment allocate: metalwork (all kinds of metal frames for buildings: columns, bars, stained-glass ceiling, domed structures, girders, etc.), metal cladding (corrugated galvanized sheets, sandwich panels, doors, gates, etc..) block-containers, metal containers (tanks, vats and other industrial capacity); towers (including television and radio towers, cellular, etc.), non-standard metal. In recent years, construction of buildings for production purposes using prefabricated structures manufactured according to individual projects. Their application makes it possible to reduce construction time by more than 3 times as well as transportation costs, as pre-fabricated structures are several times lighter brick or concrete.

Fittings for wooden structures

Fittings for wooden structures are widely used in the construction of something out of wood. For example, a small farm, country house or even a barn, which is uniquely require you to use the attachments for wooden structures. The most common method of fastening wooden structures is a classic. When one beam made grooves in the other studs, to give a definite geometric shape of the product, usually cut through additional gash in different parts of the beams. After that, with glue, nails, and associated tools is going one-piece construction. Data method of fastening wooden structures, in spite of its distribution, is used everywhere. However, there are other, far more convenient methods of fastening wooden structures. For example, one of the same methods is to use metal gear plates. The use of punched metal plates in the form of fastening wooden structures seems more justified for any construction. The method is fairly simple, it is to use thin metal sheets that are pre-processing. Galvanized steel (namely, it is most often used in this method) is a special punching, then sheets of pressed galvanized steel sheets are cut the right size. Primenyaetsyametod punched metal plate is very simple, first of all, the boards attached to the required geometry, in accordance with the seme future building, after all wood pieces are laid out in an appropriate manner and at fixing pressed metal toothed plates. Using this technique fastening wooden structures, as jagged metal plates can significantly reduce production costs and increase productivity.

Fasteners: screws and anchors

Self - this is the form of fasteners meet the definition of "screw", but with significant design improvements (primarily a form of thread, tip and slot), made from high quality materials with different corrosion resistant and aesthetic coatings. These improvements can often apply the screws without pre-drilling holes (which greatly simplifies and speeds up the editing process secured with products), and also used for fixing to a metal (aluminum, steel, etc.) basis, and in building materials (concrete, brick, etc. .). Self substantially broadened the scope of screws, significantly influenced the technology of many construction and mechanical assembly work. The essence of the screws lies in the fact that they cut into his groove. Their proper names - samonarez (he cuts) but in the minds of the builders, they established themselves as just tapping. Screws (from the German Schraube - Screw). This is a screw for fastening wooden parts. Tapered rod with a screw thread and the head, which is usually made of a slot (slot) for a screwdriver. Screws are manufactured in accordance with GOST 27017-86 - Fasteners in the form of a rod with a special outer thread threaded conical end and head at the other end, forming a thread in the opening connectable wooden or plastic products. Determination of Standard assumes that the screw is screwed in a pre-prepared hole and is used for mounting on wooden or plastic bases. These screws are usually made of low carbon steels (St1, St2, St3, 10kp) without coating, at least from korozionnostoykih steels (also brass).

Fittings - steel hot-rolled for the reinforcement of concrete

Armature - Hot-rolled steel for reinforcing concrete structures. To improve the mechanical properties of concrete structures to reinforce metal rods - steel reinforcement, to give the reinforced concrete structure with a strength several times greater than that without reinforcement. The process of manufacturing valves similar to manufacturing (rolling) of the usual round of metal. To obtain a ribbed surface on the fixture rollers (rollers), rolling machines are profiled by a profile fitting. By omitting the initial billet steel mill through a series of clips receive reinforcement corresponding profile. Reinforcing steel rod rolled to the specialized hot rolling mills. On the issue of reinforcing steel designed by several guests, most important of which is GOST 5781-82 - Hot-rolled steel for reinforcing concrete structures. " According to this GOST produced steel round smooth and round-periodic (ie, AC), a ribbed profile. Reinforcing steel periodic profile is a circular profile with two longitudinal ribs and transverse projections, reaching a helical line. Profile of the periodic rent, depending on its destination may be different. In addition, cross-tabs on the box office can be directed to one side of the ribs and in different directions. Characteristic of the steel reinforcement is its number (the nominal diameter of the rod). The range of numbers produced by the rods from 6 to 80 mm. Reinforcing steel ribbed by the letter "A" and a dash of Roman numeral from I to VI, indicating a different level of strength (the higher the number, the stronger), such as AI, AVI.

Dowels. How to choose the dowels

Fasteners are one of the most important elements of any facade system. Informed choice dowels augurs high quality and durability of facade system. Fasteners plugs into the base bearing bearing base buildings are divided into three types: full-bodied strong foundation (concrete, clay and calcium silicate brick); durable hollow base (alkaline bricks, hollow concrete blocks or keramzitbetonnye), full-bodied porous base (concrete, gas silicate blocks). In modern dowel technique can be implemented by various principles of anchoring. For each type of carrier base is selected optimum principle of anchoring. Thus, in the strong anchoring of the bases used by frictional forces, and porous - a form of anchoring sleeve anchors. Why is it necessary? Porous base (concrete, gas silicate) have an increased ability to fracture at constant pressure. This is the reason for the buildings that have a porous base, it is inappropriate to use anchors, anchoring which is carried by friction. Keep in mind that the anchoring force of friction in aerated concrete in the initial period (up to 3 thousand hours) there are reasonable values ??the efforts of the test plugs "on digging", then the situation is much worse, and after 10 thousand hours is interpreted to dowel the maximum load is much reduced. This fact is confirmed by numerous studies. Anchoring form liner plugs to avoid pressure on the material or, more precisely, to make it not work when determining the dowels. Projections on the sleeve plugs formed in aerated concrete "pockets" that do not work on raspor, and the shift of the material.

Anchor. Fixing materials

Is it worth it to beat a nail into the wall? Or is there any better ways to fixing? Yes there is - it's anchor. There are so many anchors, such as: Drop-in anchor LAH, screw anchor RA, wedge anchor KA, rod anchor TA mortgage anchor SORMAT, anchors, AIT, PFG, kWm, OLA, DRIVA, brass anchor MSA, rod holder RU, and others. Try to give a short harakteriskiku basic anchors. The manufacture of construction, finishing and repair work can not do without fasteners. This may be nails or screws, that is, products that are directly themselves, without additional devices are capable of bonding material and carry the proper load. Applied to wood, drywall sheets or thin metal components, clutch, arising between such simple fasteners and material, enough for a secure fit and the perception of structural loads. However, if the base is made of concrete, stone or brick, and has more than a light construction material hardness and weight, the use of such fasteners can not solve the arising problems. Enough to try to hammer a nail into the concrete to verify this assertion. Anker, translated from German means "anchor", and this explains the name of the principle of its operation. Fastener is mated with an array of reasons not directly but through the anchor or anchors, which create the desired moment of the clutch. Strictly speaking, it is difficult to draw a clear distinction between the anchor and dowel. In our opinion, the anchor or dowel is the element that a certain (mechanical or chemical) way improves the adhesion between the primary fasteners and ground to a desired level.

Nails. Types of nails

Word of the nail is common in domestic everyday life. While we often can not guess how a multi-thing. So, in this article we will consider that a predstavlyaet nail, and its basic types. There just is not the case with the cap nails: grooved, smooth, with a screw. There are dozens of types of nails. In this article we try to understand where the costs to drive a nail, and where he just eats rust. Often the hardware on the nails is considered one of the easiest ways to mount, although it is not always reliable and durable, if not properly deal with a nail. Professionals in construction using different types of nails of various sizes and with different hats. For the boards should be corrosion-resistant nails for timber - galvanized nails for concrete - brass or copper nails, drywall - plastic nails, and cost no mistake when choosing a nail with a broad, narrow cap or no cap. Construction nails construction nails is one of the most widely used types of nails (ps and fixtures). He is a bonnet and a rod with the elements of relief, length of 12 to 255 millimeters. Common nails are distinguished by: elektrootsenkovannye, acid, copper, and nails with hot-dip galvanized. According to experts, as well as on the recommendation of manufacturers: the nails of hot galvanized steel are best suited for fixing the basic structures, as this material is resistant to the process of rusting. Black did not galvanized nails may only be used for temporary mounting, as the process begins even rust if exposed to air.

Rolled metal. Purchase of metal

Metal - it's quality, and at the same time, inexpensive metal. From it can be made different kinds of metal products. In other words we can say that is a metal-ready profile in industrial production. Its main application can be both construction and decoration of buildings. Metal-roll is divided into ferrous and nonferrous metal-Black is a product that had been made from various types of steel. In contrast to the black, non-ferrous metal is performed exclusively from non-ferrous alloys, but ferrous metal is a unique material for virtually every type of equipment as well as for different technologies, machines, tools, etc. Therefore, the consumers of black metal are many farms. It must be noted that the qualitative ferrous metal is the most durable and extremely indispensable material for construction. For non-ferrous metals include all the technical name of all metals and their alloys (of course, except for iron and its alloys). According to conventional classification, non-ferrous metals be divided depending on their features for the following groups: refractory metals, light metals, dispersed metals, heavy metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, as well as radioactive and others of their group .... Very large number of non-ferrous metals can be attributed to a rather rare. In the assortment of metal is a list of all the production of rolled products, which includes an indication of the exact dimensions of parts and a set of profiles that have different shapes and sizes.

Painting of forged products

What to protect? Wrought iron surrounds us everywhere. It's all sorts of fences (eg, balconies and stairs), fences, gates and garden gates, window grates it, without which the unthinkable is now no city apartment, located on the first floor, much less a country house. All of them are prone to corrosion, which was, is and will be until we use metals. It causes irreparable damage to structures, affects the appearance, reduces the strength and might even completely destroyed. To protect the metal from corrosion using special paints. Cause corrosion are most likely to electrochemical processes occurring on the metal surface. Water entering here in the rain or condensing from the air at lower temperatures, is an indispensable party to such processes. How to protect? All priming compositions have high adhesion and firmly held on the painted surface. The drawback is that they all differ a low weather-, impact-and abrasion resistance, and have a low decorative properties, and therefore they must be applied on top of an appropriate coating. It should be remembered that the corrosion resistance typically has just primer, and the coating is intended to maximize its life. It is clear that eternal compositions have not yet invented, and sooner or later any of them be destroyed, and then again begin the process of corrosion. Therefore, the choice should be preferred coatings, longer life, longer than he is, the lower operating costs. Order of operations on the device of corrosion protection by staining the surface of forged products is as follows: 1.

Hot-galvanized rolled metal

Demand for metal products is growing every year due to the increased pace of construction. Metal-roll, as one of the essential components of various structures and facilities used for building ships, factories, stadiums, and various engineering structures, widely used in the bridge and engineering, the oil industry. Almost all industries in varying degrees, used metal products. Properly selected, it is a guarantee promising designs for further exploitation of which are important quality and reliability of the metal. Rolled metal products for industrial produce processing metal pressure and high temperature. Thus, he acquires the desired shape, size and other desired properties. Processing of metal occurs on the rolling mills, out of which face various kinds of these products: rails, angles, beams, channels and so on. To obtain the metal-non-standard forms used by forging, stamping (on presses and hammers), drawing, pressing. Drawing on the surface of rolled thin layer of zinc is called galvanizing. For what it's doing? Active metal, zinc is oxidized and can not be formed on the metal surface rust (iron dioxide). Hot-dip galvanized steel (both one-and two-sided) in two ways: dipped in molten zinc parts or cause a zinc melt on the steel sheet during rolling. So produce hot-galvanized rolled metal. Coating of zinc is not only resistant to corrosion, but also for possible future processing. Galvanized coating, which is obtained by dipping steel in a bath containing molten zinc, is a series of layers of zinc alloy and base metal (galvanic) and contains up to 10% iron.

Prefabricated buildings of the LMC and sandwich panels

Continued growth needs of industrial, residential, warehouses and offices makes the construction industry to seek new ways to reduce construction time, while avoiding the loss of quality. To date, there are many new technologies, among which are the universal solution are pre-fabricated buildings made of metal. Lightweight and comfortable, they have the strength and low price. This direction is quite promising in today's market, as more companies offer installation of prefabricated structures and their relevance and popularity among customers is constantly growing. Prefabricated buildings are of steel frame, surrounded by wall panels. To erect such a building takes just a few weeks, while it does not require high costs and the reliability is not inferior to brick or concrete. Prefabricated houses do not require special construction materials and installation of deep foundation. This is due to the fact that the metal forming the basis of the building, have high strength and resistance, and their installation requires no welding, which significantly accelerates the assembly and increases their quality. Such structures are easily assembled and dismantled, in addition, they do not require special transportation. Pre-fabricated structures can be used for the construction of industrial facilities, office or administrative buildings, supermarkets, shops, customs terminals, service stations, sports and entertainment complexes, etc. Among the materials for the construction of prefabricated buildings are the most popular sandwich panels.

Fasteners and hardware

Hardware are all products that are manufactured from metal. The word stands for hardware, metal product. There was a decrease due to the fact that this phrase is often used. Hardware - it's quite a big range of products from the metal. In our time the word became popular hardware than ever due to their pronunciation and spelling. Much easier to write or say: "I sell hardware, bolts, screws, screws, nuts, screws, etc., rather than metal products, bolts, screws, screws, nuts, screws, etc.. Hardware is a wide variety of products and materials, in particular, they include hardware. Fasteners metiz - this product is designed to connect the parts in many activities. This performance features such as connection details of the installation of various designs for furniture assembly, engineering, construction and repair, in the manufacture of home appliances, manufacture of computer technology and many other kinds of work. Fasteners and hardware are the following: various dowels, nails, screws, anchor fasteners, nuts, washers, screws, wood screws. All hardware and fasteners are created for specific purposes and for the bonding of certain parts of a particular material. For example, there is hardware for connecting metal to metal, metal with gypsum board, gypsum fiber, wood, for joining wood with wood, plastic and metal. Fasteners and hardware are simply indispensable for the construction and repair work. Of course there are other types krepeza which are an alternative to metal products.

Chain and rope

In very many areas of its activity a person enjoys a variety of fixtures, for example a chain or rope. For a variety of purposes use different types of such devices. And if you're going to use something of this kind, then you need to know what type, what strength, what thickness is better to use the lock. Let's start with the most common type of lock - cable. If otdifinirovat rope is very primitive, it is a steel rope. There are several types of cables. Each type is used in a certain field of activity for something else simply not appropriate. In many cases, the correct choice of cable depends very much - in some cases - even human life. Therefore, the approach to the selection of the device must be very serious. The first type of rope - a wire rope for stretching. In building such a community cable called DIN 3055. To say why such a strange name given to this rope builders I can not, and they do not quite understand why DIN 3055. These cables can withstand the weight of the gap to 15.5 tons. Use this cable to connect the two bodies, which naturally move in different directions, that is - a mutual fixation. Power characteristics of such cables must be very impressive, as the weight pulls the two sides, which is twice enhances traction on the rope. Known to very many cases where, after a wrong choice and, accordingly, the gap of the cable people are suffering. Therefore, choose a discontinuous line for stretching must be very careful. The second type of rope - the rope, the type that used for insulation of PVC.

Wrought Iron in the interior. Exclusive and beautiful

Russ at all times been famous for its smiths. It was one of the most respected professions such masters honored without a blacksmith village bednela. About their skills were legends, and writing stories. I think everyone is familiar with the story "Lefty" and the catch phrase "to shoe a flea." Forged Products were created a long time, but it was an exclusive thing. When this work was valued not only mastery of execution, but also the artistic talent of the master. Afford to buy such things might not all. In addition, manual work - this is not the fastest way to manufacture products, so everyone forged products lacked. Now manufacturing of forged items put on stream. The basic work for blacksmiths operates the machine. But the popularity of such products does not fall because of the lack of manual work. Any product has its own merchant. Manual work - is, as in antiquity, expensive and a small amount. Wanting to decorate your home this product a lot, but these blacksmiths, unfortunately, is becoming smaller. To the rescue of all who wish to buy products made from metal and come forging machine. Forged things have always been very popular. Forging looks stylish, hard to argue with that. Despite the fact that it is metal and has a considerable weight, they look easy, does not vitiate his presence interior. Well unless it looks hard wrought bed, covered by a light cloth? Or cornice with a transparent tulle fluttering from the breeze? Metal is associated with the reliability and consistency, makes the house a feeling of security and stability. "My home - my castle!".

Linked nuts and rivets

Rivet Nuts and zaklepkizanimayut important place in any building. Because no building can not be completed without the so-called construction fasteners. The importance of fasteners, such as riveting nuts and rivets, highlights not only to construction work, riveting nuts, for example, are used for connections of machine elements, building structures, different designs. In addition to the riveting nuts and rivets to the fasteners also include bolts, screws, studs, screws, anchors, dowels. Externally riveting nut looks like a rivet with internal threads. The interior of the riveting nuts, divided into deformed and undeformed parts. Deformable part assumes the main burden for mounting, it is due to its riveted nut attached to the surface. Rivet nuts are characterized by good working qualities, any riveting nut, guaranteed against corrosion a special chemical coating. Installing riveting nuts and does not take much time and effort. so, to install the riveting nut in the desired location will need only one working and only a few minutes time. However, it should be noted that the installation riveting nut using a special tool, it is handmade with a sliding panel metric stud. The very process of assembly riveting nut looks like, riveting nut is screwed onto the stud metric, then, metric stud enters the nut in the hole where the nut and decompressed. In this case, the surface which carries the riveting nut is not damaged, which significantly expands the scope of the fastener. After the implementation of assembly by riveting nuts can be taken into account and decorative aspects of the work.

Features of metal

Russia is one of the world's largest exporters of the metal. Nevertheless, the consumption and blacks, and non-ferrous metals in our country, things are quite the opposite: if the world is stable and growing every year, we have, the world's largest exporter, strap consumption is low. And it's not all. It is paradoxical but true: as long as that in Russia prefer to import domestic metal. However, the situation, at least in quantitative terms, began to change: last year, steel consumption in Russia has risen by 15-20% compared to 2005. Roughly the same figures and analysts expect in 2007. Nevertheless, compared with the demand for steel products abroad - a drop in the ocean. Indeed, the global market demand for metals, especially some color, mostly - advanced. To date, the annual turnover of Russian metallotreydinga 300-400 billion rubles. And, as predicted Ministry of Economic Development, consumption growth will be 3-5% per year. Few doubt that the main role in the growth of consumption will play the construction industry: experts "give" it to 15-20% annually. Some experts, moreover, added to the main consumers in rapidly growing areas of engineering. According to the Director of the Department of Industry Ministry of Industry and Andrew Deineko, the construction industry accounts for about 30% of domestic steel consumption, and mechanical engineering and metal cover about 40%. Share of the latter in the Russian industry is 16-17%, while in developed countries it reaches 50%.

Construction of sandwich panels - quickly, easily, reliably

The story of the sandwich panels sandwich panels are sandwich structures of two sheets of galvanized or painted steel and a layer of insulation, which are used as mineral wool or foam. Now it is difficult to believe that this popular material for prefabricated buildings and structures appeared relatively recently. Prototype of the first senvich panels are the product, invented by American engineer Frank Lloyd Ryton in the thirties of last century. By the time the creation of light, durable and comfortable items for the construction was a big step forward, but the model needs improvement. These students busy architectural University Alden B. Dow, and soon appeared the first three-layer sandwich panels that demonstrate a number of positive characteristics. But apart from the merits, the new material and had a serious flaw - production takes too much time. The optimal technology for manufacturing sandwich panels has been picked up only in 1960 by specialists of Alside. Since the production of these products were supplied "on stream", and its output will increase the capacity of construction of prefabricated buildings and structures. In Russia imported sandwich panels come in the nineties of the last century, and soon began to appear on plants producing them. To date, our country has more than 200 domestic manufacturers of sandwich panels. Most of the companies produce these products according to western technology with precision classes that meet Russian norms and standards.

Types of fasteners

Fasteners ispolzuyutsya during construction, finishing and repair work. There are many elements of the fixture, which, depending on their design features and used for the manufacture of materials can be used for solving various problems. Most important - make the right choice in favor of one species of fasteners. This will ensure a reliable and long-term operation of all compounds in the space of the dwelling, and, importantly, will give them a proper (from an aesthetic point of view) appearance. Fasteners and formed with them the connection can: differ by the presence or absence of thread (which in turn can be either metric or inch, have a variety of forms) to be detachable, or one-piece, to form a unified system of classification is very difficult, because the same fasteners can be used in different ways, but similar in design but different material for manufacture of the product will treat the different classes of hardware. Types of fasteners Nail This class of fasteners do not require detailed description, as is familiar to everyone. This bolt fasteners in the form of a rod with a male thread at one end and with a head on another. The compound is formed by means of a nut. Bolt can be threaded around the rod (full thread) or tail (incomplete thread). Typically, the bolt has a hexagonal head, at least under the hexagon key. There are bolts with T-shaped, semicircular and flat head, and folding, kostylkovye and anchor. It is a screw fasteners to form a compound or fixation. It is made in the form of a rod with a male thread at one end and structural elements to transfer torque to the other.

Metal Art Metal. Before you order

Referring to the companies involved in manufacturing products of artistic forging of metal you are entitled to expect that you will receive as a result of an exclusive thing that has not only practical, but also artistic value. In order not to be deceived in their expectations it is better to enter the state of affairs, that is to make at least a general idea about the subject. We will try to answer the most frequently asked questions related to the production of forged products. Can we consider this malleable products offered today by specialized firms? Issue is rather complicated. Over the past decade has expanded the arsenal of a blacksmith. Commonly used pneumatic hammers, electric, gas and argon welding, laser cutting parts, etc. New technologies facilitate the work and accelerate the process of forging, but hardly touched on the point. Indeed, what difference does it hits the master planned locations striker or pneumatic hammer? The important thing is that a blacksmith is still forging on the anvil, picks up all the same sledgehammer, towels, punches, rolling, just heat the metal in the furnace. As a result, each piece, passing through his hands, becomes unique. It is obvious that some of the traditional tools and techniques fade into the background, giving way to a more technologically advanced. For example, in the contemporary art forging rarely used forge welding and a connection through the clamps. Any professional farrier can use "old" methods. However, the appearance of the product and its performance is practically not affected, but the complexity and, accordingly, the price will increase by several times.

The facades of the new generation

Invention of ventilated facades became a natural result of the development of construction technologies, as nowadays is becoming increasingly important application of energy-efficient, durable structures that allow year-round to building work. Ventilated facades are used for construction and reconstruction of almost all types of buildings. Their use is important in areas with difficult climatic conditions, temperature extremes, high humidity - where traditional facade materials are short-lived. Ventilated facade is a multilayer system, located on the outside of the carrier or self-supporting wall of the building and consisting of a vapor-permeable layer of insulation, podoblitsovochnoy structure attached thereto facing material and air gap. The principle of the device of any design ventfasada is that the layers of different materials to the air gap arranged with decreasing thermal conductivity and increase the vapor permeability coefficient. Therefore, it is optimal in the following location (on the inner surface to outer): enclosing structure (wall), insulation, air layer, a protective screen. Podoblitsovochnaya design is a set of profiles (galvanized or stainless steel or more expensive and durable aluminum) of different configurations, supporting brackets and fasteners. Brackets are attached directly to the wall (the carrier or self-supporting), they are set bearing the profiles to which using special elements of fasteners (screws, rivets, klyammerov) are attached plate (sheet) tiles.

What is alyumotsink?

It is known that raw steel sheet, which is used outdoors or in contact with moisture, rust. For many centuries people have sought ways of protecting steel plate from the appearance of rust. One of the most popular ways - zinc coated steel sheets. Zinc provides good protection against corrosion and at the same time has the unique characteristic of cathodic protection trim edges and scratches on the fiber. Aluminium - is one more suitable for this stuff, thanks to its extremely low susceptibility to corrosion of Stepney. Thus, an alloy of aluminum and zinc (aluzinc) is optimal. In such an alloy steel plate protects the aluminum from corrosion due to its anti-corrosion properties, while zinc does protect trim edges and protect against scratches. This idea formed the basis for the development of the company Bethlehem Steel (USA), which in the early 60's has patented a special alloy of aluminum and zinc. Already since 1972, this invention has been a source of profit. Aluzinc has been used largely in Europe, America, Asia, Australia and Africa. At this time it was produced and sold about 35 million tons of production aluzinc. As the fastest-growing production, the technology of coated steel sheets 55% aluzinc recognized by almost all leading companies in the world. During the entire development was obtained unadulterated parent rock aluzinc: 55% - aluminum, 43.5% - zinc, 1,5% - silicon. After long-term atmospheric effects in different environments aluzinc structure proved to be the best protection against corrosion.

Little about the anchors

To beat or not to beat? In terms of whether or not to hammer a nail into the concrete wall? And if there are any more effective ways of fixing? Answers to these questions gives the proposed article, which talks about today's mounting products - the anchor. There are so many anchors, such as: Drop-in anchor LAH, screw anchor RA, wedge anchor KA, rod anchor TA mortgage anchor SORMAT, anchors, AIT, PFG, kWm, OLA, DRIVA, brass anchor MSA, rod holder RU and so on., Etc. ., etc.. The manufacture of construction, finishing and repair work can not do without fasteners. This may be nails or screws, that is, products that are directly themselves, without additional devices are capable of bonding material and carry the proper load. Applied to wood, drywall sheets or thin metal components, clutch, arising between such simple fasteners and material, enough for a secure fit and the perception of structural loads. However, if the base is made of concrete, stone or brick, and has more than a light construction material hardness, the use of such fasteners can not solve the arising problems. Enough to try to hammer a nail into the concrete to verify this assertion. Anker, translated from German means "anchor" and the name explains the principle of his actions. Fastener is mated with an array of reasons not directly but through the anchor or anchors, which create the desired moment of the clutch. Strictly speaking, it is difficult to draw a clear distinction between the anchor and dowel.

Every wall - a wall plug

Since then, both in Europe has its first plastic (nylon) plug with a central hole for a screw, it took almost half a century. In today's market there are many manufacturers of fasteners anchors, whose products have different intended use and functional capabilities. When choosing anchors come usually from the five main parameters: the magnitude and nature of the load on the dowel, design and material foundations (walls, floor, ceiling), the type of the attachment. When the weight of the attachment object is difficult to define, it is better to take the plugs designed to automatically load. If the anchors are not staffed full-time screws, bolts or special nails, they are selected in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, which are usually outlined on the packaging or in a separate statement. Here we should pay attention not only on the diameter of the screw, but the right to choose its length, taking into account the thickness of a docking details. Now more about certain types of plugs. The most common standard nylon plugs can solve most of the domestic problems. It is suitable for any wall and are used with the screws with a diameter of 2 to 16 mm. In the wall of drill hole corresponding to the diameter of the dowels, in which he is held back directed antennae, while wedging a screw "tightly" pressed into the wall openings for its large teeth. Dowels for aerated concrete - are also traditional elements of attachment. Under such a dowel drill hole corresponding to the diameter of the core.

Gates

Market automatic gate is large enough, and suggestions about how to install automatic doors on street billboards, the press and the Internet are also more than enough. But how to understand the many types of automatic gates, rolling shutters, to begin the installation, etc. According to the purpose automatic gates can be classified as intended. First, the automatic gates can serve as a course for domestic use. They can be set in country houses, estates, etc. Second, the automatic gates are widely used in industry. Typology automatic gates can be divided into: - automatic garage doors (sectional door) - automatic entrance (sliding gates, swing gates). Often the garage doors are used in areas with aggressive environments: high humidity, the concentration of chemicals, high or low temperature, which can lead to corrosion processes of internal structural gate, and as a consequence of the weakening and failure. All garage door designs covered by a layer of zinc thickness not less than 20 microns, including the torsion spring mechanism, which prevents the effects of aggressive media and prolongs life. Given the specific Russian conditions, all the metal profiles are produced with a minimum thickness of 2 mm, which prevents premature failure of the gate with improper use. Garage doors - are the best choice a person is able to analytically evaluate the benefits of modern designs. Sliding gates are installed inside the yard with limited space and can be rolled back or the right or left.

What is the fence you choose?

At a subconscious level, many of us take the fence as a symbol of reliability. However, he not only performs the security functions, but also solves the problem fine, becoming part of landscape design. A homeowner who is seeking harmony and comfort, creates a barrier that fits perfectly with the surrounding nature and does not violate the appearance of the site. Such a fence made of wood is simple and durable construction. It is easily assembled and installed with a minimum of material and labor costs. Poles deep into the ground at 1-1,5 m and poured cement-concrete mixture. Depth of termination depends on soil and terrain. Poles used for the manufacture of shaped tubes 60x80 mm. Poles are connected to each other prozhilinami or purlin made from bar 50x100 mm. Beams attached to the bottom and then nail the board to them, of which, indeed, is the fence. Of bricks compared to a wooden fence, brick more durable and able to stand not less than fifty years. All you need to do: use a good quality bricks and mortar, to perform masonry work on a professional level and maintain fencing under normal conditions. Reduce the life of the brick fence capable of such things as the presence of car exhaust (in the case of proximity to the road), lowland location, as a result he is often in the zone of moisture or fog. Anyway, the brick fence will stand for more than a dozen years. It has the advantage in the fact that it does not require special care - such a barrier does not need to paint, varnish, etc.

The interiors in the style of Hephaestus

Kuznetsov in Russia no less than Smith, Kowalczyk, Schmidt, Ferran in England, Poland, Germany and France. And maybe even more. Anyway, in Russia the number of households blacksmiths took second place after the haberdasher. But mercer never venerated as a blacksmith - a man with special knowledge, which is close to sorcery and witchcraft. Moreover, the blacksmith was considered a son of the god Svarog and could not only make a magical thing, but also forge the destiny of man in his own or his desire. Forging - one of the oldest methods of metal processing. Forged everything - from door handles and baby rattles to the grave crosses. The entire life cycle covered the laconic language of forged sculpture. But it is unlikely today, the child correctly understand your desire to give him beaten elephant or a bell instead of a game console "Dendy", or VCR, and toys made by a blacksmith, will cost you a little more expensive than the whole stamped electronics put together. Yes, and forge, in the end, anything is possible. We restrict ourselves to try to help you make your house if not a fortress, it really give us something like a lock of your child's dream: a delicate "umbrellas" or canopies, porches, yo-yo, balcony and stair railings, floor lamps and lanterns , chandeliers, sconces, fireplace grates and all fireplace accessories. Magic of fire and metal So, the burning furnace, a red-hot piece ... Strike the hammer again and again. Fiery glow on the walls, shrieking stripping machines, rhythmic hammer blows on the anvil.

Forged metal fence

As soon as the ancient people built their own housing, there is an urgent need - to protect it from enemy invasion. The first fence was probably a pile of stones piled up around populated territrii, and a wooden stockade, completely blocked the house from the outside world, many centuries later evolved into a fine grid ... My home - my castle now in vogue private housing. Every homeowner wants to do something original: set fancy bars on the windows or fence to protect your home with an unusual pattern. Exquisite wall can become the pride of the home owner, especially if it is made of wrought iron. Having a good house, is not worth saving are not arrays. Artisan crafts mediocre design and poor performance will spoil the mood, not only you, but passers-by. Refer to these professionals - and you can get a range of jewelry for your home: from the gate and the gate, combined with patterned sections of the fence, before consonant with their windows, balconies arrays on roofs. All this will give your dwelling a unique individual style, elegant look and will perfectly fit into the urban environment. If you have decided to restrict ourselves to window bars, remember - before you challenge no less serious. After all, a prestigious facade - that person any company office. Looks much nicer box with a noble forged bars: once there is a desire to stop, detain her own opinion, and this is the first step to ensure that the potential client has gone exactly to you. Let us return to the fence, which should be beautiful and at the same time powerful and strong.

Phantom ease iron lace

From ancient times, forging is one way of processing the metal. Back in the IV-III centuries. BC cold, then hot, she has appeared in Iran, Mesopotamia and Egypt. The ancient ancestors of metallurgy worked wonders with syrodutnym iron, copper, silver and gold, and their occupation has become a legendary mystical aura. We forged products are known since the time of Kievan Rus' with the first forges. First, items were created for forging weapons and peaceful use of equipment: chain mail, swords, war shields, harness, utensils, agricultural products, locks, candlesticks and more. Later, there were more large construction: doors, grilles, fences. Products were required to be of high quality and good-quality, protecting the owner and bearing reliability in everyday life. Forged Products already decorated with reliefs, inlaid, subtle sheets of gold leaf and a bronze pot. Remarkable architectural monuments have preserved the art of antiquity to the present day: Versailles, Tsarskoe Selo, St. Petersburg. Special flowering of Russian art art forging received in XVII-XVIII centuries. Perfectly executed openwork lattice is not burdened by the weight of the window openings visible, blind door with elements of forged and solid locks attached building rough inaccessible form. In the XVIII century. forging is commonly used for making fences, gates, gates in the construction of urban estates, church courtyards, palaces - are sufficiently large elements of the fence complements the landscape ensemble.

Living craft of forging

Anna Bondarenko What is usually an association with the words "wrought-iron fence", "window bars," "wrought-iron garden furniture? Someone will rise before the eyes of a pile of black metal, and someone - graceful openwork design, striking in its beauty and poetry. The discharge of a master of forged products - is a work of art. They are elegant, refined and dignified look, emphasizing great taste and prestige of their owner. Forged products are always in fashion and, therefore, good for investment: over the years, the price will only increase. In addition, metal organic - it is perfectly combined with stone, glass, wood and even textiles. All this provides immense opportunities for creativity and realization of the most daring ideas. In addition to the decorative metal is protective. Window bars, fences, fencing, not only to decorate the house, but will protect it from unwanted visitors. And yet another compelling argument in favor of forged products. In this age of the kingdom of technologies and machines blacksmith remained one of the last "living" craft. Wrought Iron - is not only grating, stairs and furniture. It is also the balcony railings, fireplace accessories, wrought iron lamps, candlesticks, greenhouses, barbecues, delicate arches, stylish bookcases, vases, hanging cornices, balcony brackets and much, much more. Every metal his place Forged bearing basic landscape "load" - a wall section, barred windows, stairs and garden furniture.

Contracted furniture

Vitaly Lviv In ancient times the manufacturing of furniture is not very different from the carpentry trade. When connecting its parts using the same techniques and methods as in the construction of the house or the church: Interlock, thorns, "shkany" (now - dowel) and wedges that gave the strength of the benches and tables. Produce such compounds by hand - quite time-consuming task. Details held by the dense interconnection with glue, the accuracy of which is secured to the eye, and we had skillfully hold the saw and chisel, so that they accurately fit with each other. Such compounds can be and is now found in furniture, old-fashioned, but rather as a decorative element that makes the furniture in the "retro" just like a manufactured hands of experienced craftsmen. Connection accessories - an essential component of furniture, so invisible, as a rule, coupling has become one of the main pieces of furniture, ensuring its durability and longevity. Since then, the furniture remained only dowels, however, also acquired other dimensions that have received reefing and accurate bevel on the ends. Everything else has given way to special fittings. Connection furniture dowels and now gives us the ability to quickly and correctly position the furniture parts in the assembly and prevents their mutual displacement of the operation, treating all transverse loads. Dowel - a very cheap and simple detail, but it has its own complexity. It is made from natural wood and the manufacture of unseasoned timber, or if improperly stored can change its cylindrical shape, which noticeably affects the quality of the connection.

Fasteners

Probably, there is no adult person who in his life did not score a single nail, not wrenched or twisted the screw would any nut. This makes even the children. But children, unlike us do not know what all this together is called the fasteners. Nails. Their types and scope of Common nails are made of crude steel, and even of steel wire (soft). They are labeled by two numbers: the first indicates the diameter of the rod, the second - the length in millimeters. They have a flat smooth or ribbed hat. Wire nails with a flat head is used when the need to hide her hat. Hammering a nail through Race Seat, you can prepare the surface of the board for further fillers. Grooved, screw, nails and Clubs ershi for mounting the paintings have a rod with longitudinal, transverse, helical grooves, dents, or burrs. They have more resistance when pulling out. Nails from heat-treated steel (hardened) can score in the brick walls and even the lightweight concrete. But these fragile nails that need to be considered in dealing with them. Plastering, Tolev, wallpaper nails used for fixing maloprochnyh materials to the hard ground. They have a shorter stem and a broad flat hat. Depending on the environment, which will be used in a nail, it can be: · galvanized · copper (less prone to corrosion) · stainless steel (no rust at all). Driving nails - is a science kind of encyclopedia of the process of nailing developed a German specialist Frank nipple. Here are some tips that may come in handy during pile of nails. 1.

Modern doors

Yegor Slavin Modern gates are gradually becoming part of the "smart home". Architectural element that connects the building with the adjacent landscape, the mobile component of the facade and at the same time, small architectural forms part of the infrastructure, often - the town-planning element - these are all the gates. Modern doors - made of polymers and steel - are equipped with drives and automation. Automatic systems in all areas are developing faster conservative "glands." In specialized exhibitions sometimes shudder of surprise, still, everything around is moving and flashed - opened in 2 seconds, plastic gates, flashing beacons, continuously operating turnpikes. Expanding range of electronic devices with a clear tendency to the formation of integrated complexes of the type of "smart home". All systems appear more wind, light rain and automation. However, this is a topic for another story. It all begins with "iron", and here the choice of actuators, security systems and automation is wide enough to ensure that all technical problems were solved on a modern professional level. Thus, the gates must close the large opening. And if you discover where the "cap" put? Device Cover - fold - and kinematics of its motion determine the classification of the gate: folding sliding (sliding) tilt-sectional shutter Different versions have different purposes. For insulated garage, workshop, warehouse suitable hinged, tilt-up, sectional and rolling design.

GOST 51032-97 Material construction. The test method for flame spread

GOST 51032-97 Group F 39 STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Building Materials Test Method for Flame Propagation Building materials Spread flame test method of introducing Date 01.01.1997 1. Developed by the State Central Scientific-Research and Development Institute of the experimental complex issues of building structures and facilities of VA Kucherenko (CNIISK im.Kucherenko) State Research Centre for Construction "(SRC" Building "), the All-Russian Research Institute for Fire Defense ( VNIIPO) Russian Interior Ministry with the participation of the Moscow Institute of Fire Safety of Russia made by the Office of standardization, technical regulation and certification of the Ministry of Construction of Russia 2. Adopted and put into effect the decision of the Ministry of Construction of Russia from 27.12.1996 № 18-93 was 3. GOST 30444-97 "Construction materials. Test Method for Flame Propagation", promulgated by Decree State Construction Committee of Russia from 20.03.98 N 18-21, recognized as having the same force with GOST 51032-97 in the Russian Federation in connection with complete authenticity of their content. Introduction This standard was developed based on the draft standard ISO / ICP 9239.2, "Major tests - Reaction to fire - the flame for a horizontal surface floor coverings under the influence of radiative heat source of ignition." Section 6 - 8 of this standard authentic relevant sections of the draft standard ISO / ICP 9239.2. 1 Scope This standard specifies the test method for flame spread on materials of the surface layers of structural floors and roofs, as well as their classification into groups of flame propagation.

GOST 26589-94 Mastics, roofing and waterproofing. Test methods

GOST 30547-97 Material roll roofing and waterproofing. General specifications

GOST 10923-93 Ruberoid. Technical conditions

GOST 15879-70 on 01/01/1971 Steklobit. Technical conditions

GOST 30547-97 Material roll roofing and waterproofing. General specifications

GOST 2889-80 mastic asphalt roofing hot. Technical conditions

GOST 10923-93 GOST 10923-93 Ruberoid. Technical conditions

GOST 15879-70 Steklobit. Technical conditions

GOST 2697-83 on 1985-0-01 Pergamin roofing. Technical conditions

The ideal kitchen: fire, water, communications and food

Olga Chernykh Kitchen traditionally considered the center of the house, his heart. It is in the kitchen a homey atmosphere. In modern homes it is often not only performs the role of space for cooking, but the dining room, living room. Here we are going as a family, we conduct intimate conversations with friends. Ergonomics, functionality, comfort - you want to cuisine combines all these components. Furnished our kitchen, it's better to use water-resistant finishing materials - then it will be easier to carry out wet cleaning. After all the walls, floor and ceiling of the kitchen even if the hood ends up in the cooking process the fat and evaporation. For the walls is best to choose a combination of ceramic tile and washable wallpaper, or tile and paint, plaster or relief to which is added to crushed stone and other aggregates, creating a unique texture. Another option finishes that will withstand changes in temperature and humidity - and the wood-plastic panels. Requirements for flooring are the same: water resistance and ease of cleaning. Very practical as a floor covering in the kitchen to use again, ceramic tile, but at the same time to be comfortable feet, need to be concerned about the system of floor heating - electric or water. On the floor, you can also lay linoleum or laminate - they too good to wash, but they can easily burn cigarette butts, a drop of melted wax from a candle or scratch his heels. Such defects are difficult to fix, and coverage is likely to have to change (although there are also more durable types of linoleum and laminate floors - they are more expensive than usual, but for the kitchen - what you need).

Metal stairs

Ladder - the oldest human inventions. It would seem like a bicycle, to invent a ladder anymore. But it is only at first glance. The principle of the structure itself may remain unchanged, but the shape and design of stairs every time may be unique. Reinforced metal stairs Among a variety of metal stairs, we can distinguish the following types (joists): solid (stone, concrete) on Kosourov (one, two or more) on the string at the Bolza console (with the incorporation of steps in the wall), screw on the ropes themselves carry construction of metal ladders can be made of various materials: iron steel, stainless steel and wood. For step metal ladder used mineral materials (ceramic, glass, tile, etc.), wood, metal (including stainless steel), and combinations thereof. Advantages and disadvantages of metal ladders: Metal ladders are the second most popular place among the stairs. Metal ladders are just outside the wooden stairs. Second place says about the shortcomings of metal stairs. Not the least - about the merits. The main application of metal stairs found in industrial buildings, as well as in outdoor stairs. That metal stairs - a framework for attic ladders, for folding ladders (ladders). Not as often as wood, but also in individual construction use metal ladders. The advantage of metal stairs in their ability to combine. Stairs, metal perfectly with wood trim, with a stone and glass. Widespread use of metal frames, wooden stairs, stairs made of stone and concrete. The advantages of metal stairs can also be attributed a relatively easy process of their manufacture.

What you need to know when choosing a ladder

Types of stairs is not too much, but still choose to eat from what. And if you live in the original construction, then we can come up with something very own. Importantly - to consider at least the basic recommended settings for their own as security. Optimal slope stairs - up to 45 degrees, this is the case when less is more. Width of the stair well to meet the 45-th the size of the legs (not less than 28-30 cm) so as not to fall down on the way down. If a strong increase of this size you'll get mixed up with the inevitable step, and with a strong decrease in loss to descend. Riser (or risers podstupennika, whichever you prefer) should be no more than 20 cm if the home has small children, be sure to arrange fencing (railings, pillars, balusters). And if you do not have children, barriers must be present and strong. Balusters set in increments of a maximum of 15 cm (it is the distance between their central points), with their thickness of less than 5 cm is reasonable to put the two balusters on the stairs, a kind of fence will not allow even a child's head stick. With a width of stairways more than 110 cm is desirable to make additional fencing along the wall, using the so-called Wall handrail. Another important detail - the material of which make a ladder. The first occurred when the word 'ladder' Association (at least for me) - the creaking and squeaking, as we know, a tree. Although nowadays there are many ways to relieve all sorts of wood floors and stairs from scratches that occurred Association persistently leaves no imagination there are no other options.

Stairs

There are many different types of ladders used in individual homes, some versions of these ladders are shown in Fig. 108. In most cases, set wooden stairs, which can be a decoration at home, especially because the market now have a lot of curly turned balusters. Consider some of the most common design of stairs. Construction of an open staircase illustrated in Fig. 109. Sawtooth beam (kosour) is secured between the floors, the wall is also a tetivaprikreplennaya to the wall beam. In the bow-string made grooves for installing treads and risers. Fig. 108. Circuits internal stairs: a - odnomarshevaya b, d, f - round; c, e - half-pace; x - mnogomarshevaya; is - screw. Interim kosour supports the tread and risers, and the supporting bar is used to mount the bowstring and two Kosourov. Risers are made of thick planks not less than 1.5 cm, tread - from the boards a minimum thickness of 2.5 cm to connect to tread on the bottom of prostupenkov selected quarter, the top risers included in the groove bottom of the stair tread. Struts are installed on the glue, reinforce the tread compound - risers in front of the stage. The back of each step increased with screws through podstupenok to tread, which stands for each podstupenok to 2-2,5 cm round out the overhang. Vertical risers are cut off the ends of each angle 45 °, connect to the "conditions" with vertical slits Kosourov. Further staircase decorated with overlaid side bolsters, side and front belts. Ris.109. The design of the open staircase Fig.110.

On the stairs

"Laudable steps, if they are bright, spacious and easy for walking: for, as such, they attract people to climb on them ..." (Andrea Palladio, 1570). These are the words of the outstanding Italian architect of the Renaissance precisely define the main purpose of architecture - to serve man. In this case, the key task of architecture with the passage of time does not change and is manifested again and again in various forms. The main functional requirements to architectural design at all times remain the same, only changed their look and feel of the device. Today ladder is not only a means of transportation man in space. In addition to its core "The Calling", it increasingly becomes a central element of the interior, helping to create the appearance of a certain atmosphere and mood in the house. Therefore, for the modern architect important thing is choice of installing stairs in the house, its design and materials of manufacture, the more so that their choices are so great that it can realize any of imagination and creative impulses. (Jozsef Coso, Staircases: Design and Technology, 2004, ID "Kontent). Placed at different heights or located at the same height, but distant levels of the buildings made to connect the stairs. This is done for the safe movement of evacuation and transportation. Despite the fact that ladders play an important role in interior spaces and facilities in the first place, they remain the engineering designs. Of them rely heavily on functional connections between rooms, located inside the building, concrete floor of the device and its projection characteristics, since it provides the stairs to move between floors and connects located at different levels of space.

Cylinder locks

Cylinder locks, or how often they are called "English" got its name because at the heart of their designs are cylinder mechanisms secret. Cylinder mechanism may take the form of a cylinder, circle, beads, etc. The heart of these mechanisms is a set of spring-loaded pins, balls, plates of various sizes. The design of the cylinder (IKON): 1 - body of the cylinder, 2 - core cylinder, 3 - channel for the key 4 - pin cylinder mechanism 5 - spring pin 6 - cam cylinder mechanism 7 - Key Cylinder locks, most often, flat keys , the edges of which one or both sides, there are cutouts (teeth), or point-dents. Their number equals the number of locking pins in the cylinder mechanism, and the greater the number of pins, the greater the secrecy of the castle. Not recommended to use locks with the number of pins less than five. In order to increase secrecy, leading firms produce cylinders, which are designed for two-, three-and four-row keys. The highest secrecy is achieved in the cylinders with keys that have a lateral perforation. The most vulnerable place cylinder locks itself is a cylinder mechanism which can be drilled, broken or dislodged. To protect against drilling reputable producers set inside a cylinder, special, hardened pins or ball, impeding the penetration of drill, and the cylinder to protect tempered hockey. To protect against or breaking of churning cylinder, install the protective pad or shield of hardened steel, while advocating for the overlay (mask) of the cylinder should not exceed 2 mm.

For intimate conversations

Do I need a gazebo? If needed, why? First of all, to socialize, relax in the fresh air. From that, in some part, we spend time outside the house, independent design and dimensions of the arbor. There are two basic types of arbors. Let's call them "arbor-date" and "arbor barbecue." The first pleasant stay together. Second equipped to receive guests for leisure in the company of friends - with a feast, barbeque, tea and intimate conversations into the night. Most often bought and build "arbor barbecue, for a feast that is practical. Rare exceptions are the owners of large or very large areas, while suiting the complex processing area is not one place of rest, but a few. There are also originals, are building an arbor or shelter for special nuzhd.Naprimer one coach in martial arts built a gazebo, designed for classes with a group of like-minded people. Arbour "without arbor" A place for intimate conversations can be organized without a proper structure. Bathed by the creek is a small island, which go over a small arched bridge, a few handy shops ... Is not it a gazebo? Secluded spot for private conversations. This can be seen in many classic European parks. One condition - the area should be large enough to the island seemed small. Nice view to spend time alone or in company, being in thought, or communicating, human being wants to contemplate beauty. Therefore, put an arbor so that from it a beautiful look. Choosing a design and location, do so to the closed parts were there, where the landscape than just interesting.

What to place in the corners of the bathroom

Well, if your bathroom can accommodate a small chair, but normally there are barely enough space on the washing machine. Or not enough. However, manufacturers suites provided such a "trifle", as small-sized bathrooms and can offer bathroom furniture, such as native Gostinka. "So, what exactly is the bathroom furniture and what it is member. This is usually a set of cabinets in various sizes and designs from the most simple ones, floor, until the original design of canisters on wheels. At the most basic set includes a so-called "Moidodyr" pedestal washbasin, and a wall cabinet or a mirror with shelf. Well, depending on the room size can be chosen for a variety of subjects. All bathroom furniture is conditionally divided into three categories: floor, wall and the team. The first is Moidodir that are installed directly on the floor and not attached to the wall. As a woman is evaluated by the feet , Moidodir choose by the way in which he stands, and he can stand on feet or plinth. Since the bathroom floor is not always perfectly dry, the humidity will sooner or later affect the pedestal, even if it is made of reliable material. this respect is much more convenient metal legs. Yes, and wipe the floor under the pedestal will be easier. However, apart from setting foot on such a construction additionally attached to the wall. If you have decided to dispense with the cabinet under the sink, then a wonderful alternative to it could be countertop. By her choice to come up with a mind and remember that no matter how beautiful she was, the practicality in this case is more important.

Calculation of the stairs

To staircase not only successfully blended into the interior, but was comfortable in operation and served for many years, it is necessary to think of ways to calculate all the nuances and stairs. A preliminary calculation of stairs to avoid possible errors that affect basic consumer characteristics of the material. Projects ladders must take into account features of the room. And also, most importantly, projects must take into account the wishes of the customer, the type of stairs - vintavaya or sustainer is the ladder will be. Exact calculation saves material and provides an ideal mounting the stairs. Method of calculating the project stairs lies in the choice of the stairs in the plan at home and in the calculation of its constituent structural parts. For the optimal choice of location for future steps are no clear rules, although it can give some advice. Stairs, type and location are determined by specificity of a house or apartment. On the ground floor of a house or apartment is usually provided for the so-called complimentary rooms: living room, lobby. Of course, that the entrance to the stairs should be in one of these premises. In some projects, but the invitation still provides room and hallway, and then the situation of stairs according to the method of calculation ladders tied to location, such as bathrooms and toilets in the house. If a bathroom on the second floor, the staircase is better to have in the hallway - it's closer to the door of the bathroom. If your house is a bathroom on the ground, the ladder should be put in the corridor to avoid hypothermia after taking a bath.

What should be the child, or how to choose children's furniture

Even before birth we are building plans for its future, think about education. But here's your little miracle home, and you realize that is not easy to raise a man to understand the peculiarities of his character, to make his childhood a bright, interesting? Childhood - a key period: it was formed in childhood tastes, habits, and develops character. Adults remember him with a light melancholy, because childhood knows no cares, does not divide days into good and bad, and each of them brings a new experience, fraught with a wonderful, kind, beautiful. As a child, we understand the world, starting usually with objects that surround us. According to designers, interior children "brought up the taste," and this phrase is not on duty. Imagine how dramatically differ attitude and intelligence lovers Barbie - and collectors of porcelain dolls, viewers of Japanese cartoons - and those for whom the output of family tradition dedicated evening of classical music, trips to the theater. Imagine what they will have children living in a surrounded by faceless things, and those whose interior is laid out in detail. Many parents, in order to reduce the influence of mass pop culture Pepsi, trying to make the child a kind of inoculation against it. They are meticulously selected furniture and even children carry their offspring in furniture showrooms: one can not ignore the views of the future owner, who will fall asleep and wake up on the bed, opening this closet, to sit at this table?

Blinds in interior

Blinds are vertical, horizontal, roller (roller blinds) and protective (shutters). Unlike curtains, blinds do not fade in the sun, do not crumple much less dirty and can not become less interesting detail of the interior, than the most exquisite designer curtains and blinds. The basic element of all blinds (except roller) - lamella, ie the strip of material (fabric, plastic, metal, wood). On the vertical blinds are arranged vertically on the horizontal, respectively, horizontally. Lamella protective roller shutters are joined into a continuous sheet wound around the shaft. Roller shutters are made on the same principle, only one piece of cloth or small wooden slats. The most popular for apartments and villas - vertical blinds. They consist of the following "details": cornice, runners, weights, connecting chain, the chain of command and control cords. Cornice - supporting part, which carries the slats. Runners - a device which on one hand clinging to the ledge and move on it and the other on the slats are suspended. It is the quality of the runners in the first place depends on uninterrupted work of the mechanism of vertical blinds. Weights - are inserted into the bottom of the slats so they are not swayed in the wind, and hung straight. Connective chain - as the name implies, connects the bottom slat. Typically, fabric slats connect the plastic chain through which prodernuta fishing line. Chain of command hangs at the side of the cornice and rotate slats to 180 degrees.

Why the need for furniture in the bathroom?

The furniture in the bathroom is necessary, first of all, to eliminate the usual utilitarian tasks should also be room for a variety of vehicles and items to help you relax in the bathroom. Secondly, it is bathroom furniture create a feeling of comfort while in the bathroom. And third, a bath is a full bathroom, so that the furniture she must be. Bathroom furniture is divided into three types. The first of these one-piece floor, the so-called "Moidodir, cupboards under the sink. Second hinged one-piece, most often mirrored cabinets with lighting. And finally, the third variety of songs from a variety of cabinets, laundry basket, etc. All of this bathroom furniture is made mostly of MDF or natural wood, the latest models are more expensive, but they are not necessarily higher quality first, because MDP has been specifically designed for wet areas, in addition, MDFpaneli look great in the bathroom. Also recently appeared bathroom furniture made of polyurethane material is amazing, easy-carrying contact with moisture. This furniture will serve you for a very long time, literally forever, but its cost is even higher than the cost of wooden furniture for bathrooms. This piece of furniture like table tops, can be of a greater number of materials such as natural or synthetic marble. An interesting fact is that nowadays many people, even very well-known companies, instead of marble in the bathroom furniture using quartzite. This is because that with the help of quartzite can be, unlike marble, to create any color combination.